Civil War Diluted 2 Flashcards
What problems did Parliament suffer from in 1643 and what three pronged attack did they fear? Who did people want to resign?
Parliament by 1643 had lost John Hampden and Lord Brooke and had high-profile desertion. Alongside this, Charles was mobilising fast and the three-pronged strategy was feared, an attack from the north, Midlands, and south-west, on London. By Summer, people wanted the Earl of Essex, Lord General, to resign.
What was taken in June 1643, and what had Newcastle obtained? Fairfax and his father were betrayed at…
Which castle was given to Royalists, and what happened to Hull?
In June 1643 Yorkshire was taken. Newcastle had obtained Newark which commanded the Great North Road. Sir Thomas Fairfax, a commander in Yorkshire, was betrayed at Adwalton Moor and Seacraft Moor, and by March the governor of Scarborough gave the castle to Royalists; Hull was attempted to be delivered to royalists, but resistance prevented this.
What did Sir Ralph Hopton do to seize Plymouth, and what did Nathaniel Fiennes give up?
Sir Ralph Hopton wanted to seize Plymouth, the only area in South-West not to fall, and met Sir William Waller outside Bath. 8 days later Parliament cavalry was destroyed at Roundway Down, Wiltshire, and Charles could link with Oxford. Bristol was given up by Nathaniel Fiennes, and Parliament sentenced him to death, stopped by Earl of Essex. By August 1643 Parliament lost their garrison to 30,000 royalists at Gloucester.
Summarise war in the South-West, when did Essex relieve garrisons, and what happened at Lostwithiel, 1644?
In summer 1644, the Earl of Essex marched army through Dorset and Devon to Cornwall to relieve garrisons, hoping to repeat Gloucester success. The move was premature, and at Cornwall, his line of retreat was blocked by Charles. At Lostwithiel, August, his army was made to surrender as he fled by sea.
Summarise war in the Midlands…
Why was confidence lost in Waller and Manchester, and what was the status of the Midlands and South West?
Sir William Waller had failed at Cropedy Bridge, Oxfordshire, and confidence was lost in him and Essex as Lord Generals. Manchester, commander of the Eastern Association, after the Second Battle of Newbury, showed the failure of Lords and MPs as commanders, and by 1644 Royalists lost control of areas. They feared a Royalist victory. Stalemate was held in the Midlands and Charles still had control of South West.
Describe Parliament success at Langport and Bridgewater, followed by Rupert’s fall in Bristol and the end of Montrose. What did Charles attempt to do, and when did Oxford surrender?
The NMA marched to West Country on 10 July 1645 and defeated Royalists at the Battle of Langport before Bridgewater was taken by Fairfax and his army, cutting off Royalists in South West from Charles. Prince Rupert surrenders sieged Bristol and was exiled; he urged Charles to make peace but Charles wanted to join forces with Montrose, who was defeated at Philliphaugh, 13 Sept. By April 1646 the NMA had control of South-West and South Wales had fallen. Castles were in ruin. Charles was a fugitive, existing in Oxford garrisons, and by March Royalists were defeated at Stow-on-the-Wold and Charles tried negotiations with Covenanters. Leaving Parliament in disguise by end of April, he surrendered, and Oxford surrendered by 24 June.
Who was Montrose?
Montrose was a Covenanter in the 1630s but became royalist and was the enemy of Marquess of Argyll.
Who was the Marquess of Argyll?
Marquess of Argyll was a Covenanter, and pressed for the Solemn League and Covenant to promote Presbyterianism.
Describe formation of Oxford Parliament. Who’s suicide did Charles contribute to, and when did he show moderacy? Edward Hyde made him set the Parliament in ……, and how much support did the Parliament gain
Charles more often supported cavaliers, contributing to the suicide of Lord Falkland during the First Battle of Newbury when he was shot in a hedge. However, he was moderate at the Grand Remonstrance and Nineteen Propositions. During war, Edward Hyde convinced him to set up Oxford Parliament in 1644, and he gained legitimacy to raise taxes, promising these would lower at the end of the war. He gained support of 175 MPs and 82 Peers from Parliamentarians, and referred to it privately as the mongrel Parliament.
What polarisation was there in Parliament?
Between 1642-44 politics was polarised with the war and peace party, and John Pym had to maintain committed to getting Parliament to finish what was started. Alongside this, radical republicans led by Henry Marten wanted reform, with abolishing of monarchy. Essex and Manchester had unease about this. The war party needed to assure radicals wouldn’t create revolution, prevent defections, and prevent peace being made.
What were peace party aims, members, and arguments about Parliament’s power, Scotland, and Essex?
Aims: to end war as fast as possible without losing achievements of 1641.
Members: Denzil Holles, John Maynards, Sir Simmonds D’Ewes.
Argued Parliament threatened liberties even more than Charles, and he would have no mercy.
They argued the Scottish alliance would excuse Charles to bring troops from Ireland or France, angering him.
They argued the Earl of Essex is losing war so peace has to be made.
What were war party aims, members, arguments about making peace, Scotland, and Essex?
War Party
Aims: to negotiate terms from a position of strength without going beyond 1641 agreements.
Members: John Pym, John Hampden, Lord Saye and Sele, Lord Brooke.
They argued that peace had to be negotiated, and Charles would realise their potential and be more moderate.
They argued the Scots are not a foreign army and were trying to save Charles from his evil advisors. They needed help and didn’t want them to side with Charles.
They argued Essex was doing a good job in the circumstances and needed to maintain armies and relations with Lords.
What were radical party aims, members, arguments about peace, and Essex?
Aims: permanent constitutional changes.
Members: Sir Arthur Haselrig, Henry Marten.
They argued that Charles would never negotiate in good faith, and so they had to consider radical proposals such as change of dynasty.
They argued that Essex needs replacing with a more vigorous commander, or Sir William Waller in the West.
Who died in 1643 and who were the independents and presbyterians?
John Pym and John Hampden died in 1643 and Parliament polarised into two factions by 1644, the Independents, (new war party), who felt the Scots would slow the war effort, and the Presbyterians, (peace party), who felt the addition of the Scots would rapidly end the war. After Marston Moor, independents were convinced they could win alone and saw the Scottish as too radical, threatening settlement with the King.
The Self Denying Ordinance was passed on 9 December 1644, what was the problem with command and how was this solved?
On 9 December 1644 the Self Denying Ordinance passed by centralise command. Cromwell passed it in Commons and Saye and Sele in Lords, it would fulfil godliness. Sir Thomas Fairfax was Lord General and Phillip Skippon Major General. Cromwell, after 2 extensions, became Lieutenant General of the Horse.
