Relationship development Flashcards
What is the initial feelings of attraction based on?
Physical attractiveness, similarity and interaction
What research design is much of close relationships based on and what do they focus on?
-Use non-experimental designs
- focus on romantic relationships between heterosexual couples/usually young/ in individualistic cultures
Who demonstrated that the average face seems to be most attractive?
- Halberstadt et al, 2005
What did Halberstadt et al, 2005 demonstrate?
- average faces seem to be most attractive
What is the biological bases of physical attractiveness?
- Symmetry
What are men looking for in a women?
- youth and fertility
What is linked to higher oestrogen levels?
- facial femininity (Gangestad and Scheyd, 2005)
Who demonstrated that men desire features of women associated with reproductive value/fertility?
Kendrick et al 1996
What do women look for in men?
- physical strength
- financial resources
Who demonstrated women preferred men to be 3-4 years older?
-Buss 1993
What do women not want in men?
- unhealthy mass as less likely to provide food, health care etc
How do women in developing countries differ when choosing a male?
- rate potential health as more important
Why is testosterone seen as a negative?
-suppresses immune system (not seen as positive to have high levels)
- only well adapted males can tolerate levels
What is the matching phenomenon?
- people tend to be attracted to others who are about the same level of physical attractiveness as themselves
-people can compensate or make up for looks by having other attractive factors, e.g. humour
Who is the theorist who demonstrated people exchange what they want, in the matching phenomenon?
- Buss & Schmitt, 1993
What did Thissen et al 1983 demonstrate?
- women more likely than men to offer attractiveness, seek financial security and seek someone who was older
- men more likely than women to seek attractiveness, offer financial support and seek someone who was younger
What does similarity do in terms of relationship development?
- increases attraction and liking because we see anything connected to the self as positive
- encourages positive interaction over common interests
- signals familarity
- signals mastery
Who determined similiarity to others increases attractiveness?
Swami & Furnham, 2008
What did Swami & Furnham, 2008 say?
determined similiarity to others increases attractiveness
Who demonstrated that people prefer faces that look like their own?
Little & Perret, 2002
What did Little & Perret, 2002 say?
demonstrated that people prefer faces that look like their own
What does familarity lead to?
leads to liking - mere exposure effect
What does interaction do in terms of relationship development
- increases liking
-help us feel connected
-when people interact, they often mimic speech patterns, posture, mannerisms
Who demonstrated physical proximity increases liklihood of interaction?
Festinger, Schachter & Back 1950
What did Festinger, Schachter & Back 1905 demonstrate?
demonstrated physical proximity increases liklihood of interaction
What is stage 1 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?
similairity encourages interaction
What is stage 2 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?
the more we interact with others, the more similarities we discover
What is stage 3 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?
The more we interact with someone, the more attractive that person appears to us, the more we continue interacting with them
What is stage 4 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?
we find those we are similiar to us to be more physically attractive, and the more attractive people are, the more we want to be like them
What is stage 5 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?
once liking develops, it feeds back on the other factors to develop and reinforce the connections
In exchanging relationships, what is cost-reward ratio?
each partner rewards the other in order to gain rewards in return
In exchanging relationships who demonstrated the social exchange theory, in economic theories?
Emerson, 1976
In close relationships, what are the three types of interdependence?
- cognitive
-behavioural
-affective
Who proposed the interdependence theory and what does it involve?
- Kelly & Thibaut 1978
-when we become closer with someone, our thoughts, emotions and behaviours intertwine
What is cognitive interdependence, as a type of interdependence?
-the partner becomes part of self concept
-self-disclosure, perspective and control
- partners knowledge becomes more likely self-knowledge and start making attributions about our partners as if we were us
-self-serving attributionsq
In cognitive interdependence, what does self disclose mean?
- know partners thoughts and feelings as well as ones own
In cognitive interdependence, what does perspective mean?
- think about events from a partner’s point of view as well as one’s own
In cognitive interdependence, what does control mean?
- can influence partners actions as well as ones own
What is behavioural interdependence, as a type of interdependence?
- each person has a great deal of influence on partners decisions, activities and plans
- prefer to do different activities but both want to do activity together: co-ordinate/cooperate
- connectedness- concerned for each others welfare
What is affective interdependence, as a type of interdependence?
- refers to emotional band that links close relationship partners
- intimacy translates into social support- strongly related to physical health
-intimacy draws people together and committment holds relationship together
What is intimacy in affective interdependence, as a type of interdependence?
- positive emotional band of understanding and support is a key component of close relationships
What is commitment in affective interdependence, as a type of interdependence?
- long term orientation toward relationship, with intention to maintain it over time
What is attachment styles in relationship development?
- general beliefs about self and othersthat influence orientations toward relationships
-originate in infancy, begin with relationships to caregiver - researchers tend to think of attachment styles on continuous dimensions- the extent to which people seek relationships with others (Shover & Mikulincer, 2009)
What are the different attachment styles?
- secured attachment
- preoccupied attachment
- dismissing attachment
- fearful attachment
What is secured attachment style?
- unafraid of intimacy
-comfortable relying on their partner for support and acceptance
What is preoccupied attachment style?
- want relationships but are worried others do not
What dismissing attachment styles?
- reluctant to get close to others because they want to feel independent and self-sufficient
What is fearful attachment styles?
- reluctant to get close to others because they find it difficult to trust others and dont want to get hurt- rejection sensitivity
In same-sex relationships, who demonstrated similiarities and differences with heterosexual relationships?
- Peplau and Fingerhut 2007
What are the similarities between same sex couples and heterosexual couples?
- value placed on affection, dependability and shared interests
- relaitonships form through proximity and familiarity
- interest plays key role in establishing new relationships
- commitment strong predictors of success
What are the differences between same sex couples and heterosexual couples?
- gay and lesbian couples are more likely to remain friends following relationship breakdown
- division of household labour more equitable
- lesbian relationships are more likely to originate from pre-existing friendship
What is communal relationship defined as?
- relationship in which people reward their partner out of direct concern and to show caring
What is interdependence defined as?
- situation in which each persons thoughts, emotions and behaviours influence those of other people
What is social support?
- emotional and physical coping resources provided by other people
