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STUDY OF HUMAN INTERACTION > Relationship development > Flashcards

Relationship development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the initial feelings of attraction based on?

A

Physical attractiveness, similarity and interaction

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2
Q

What research design is much of close relationships based on and what do they focus on?

A

-Use non-experimental designs
- focus on romantic relationships between heterosexual couples/usually young/ in individualistic cultures

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3
Q

Who demonstrated that the average face seems to be most attractive?

A
  • Halberstadt et al, 2005
    -Winkleman & Halberstadt 2006
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4
Q

What did Halberstadt et al, 2005; Winkleman & Halberstadt 2006 demonstrate?

A
  • average faces seem to be most attractive
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5
Q

What is the biological bases of physical attractiveness?

A
  • Symmetry
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6
Q

What are men looking for in a women?

A
  • youth and fertility
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7
Q

What is linked to higher oestrogen levels?

A
  • facial femininity (Gangestad and Scheyd, 2005)
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8
Q

Who demonstrated that men desire features of women associated with reproductive value/fertility?

A

Kendrick et al 1996

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9
Q

What do women look for in men?

A
  • physical strength
  • financial resources
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10
Q

Who demonstrated women preferred men to be 3-4 years older?

A

-Buss 1993

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11
Q

What do women not want in men?

A
  • unhealthy mass as less likely to provide food, health care etc
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12
Q

How do women in developing countries differ when choosing a male?

A
  • rate potential health as more important
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13
Q

Why is testosterone seen as a negative?

A

-suppresses immune system (not seen as positive to have high levels)
- only well adapted males can tolerate levels

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14
Q

What is the matching phenomenon?

A
  • people tend to be attracted to others who are about the same level of physical attractiveness as themselves
    -people can compensate or make up for looks by having other attractive factors, e.g. humour
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15
Q

Who is the theorist who demonstrated people exchange what they want, in the matching phenomenon?

A
  • Buss & Schmitt, 1993
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16
Q

What did Thissen et al 1983?

A
  • women more likely than men to offer attractiveness, seek financial security and seek someone who was older
  • men more likely than women to seek attractiveness, offer financial support and seek someone who was younger
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17
Q

What does similarity do in terms of relationship development?

A
  • increases attraction and liking because we see anything connected to the self as positive
  • encourages positive interaction over common interests
  • signals familarity
  • signals mastery
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18
Q

Who determined similiarity to others increases attractiveness?

A

Swami & Furnham, 2008

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19
Q

What did Swami & Furnham, 2008 say?

A

determined similiarity to others increases attractiveness

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20
Q

Who demonstrated that people prefer faces that look like their own?

A

Little & Perret, 2002

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21
Q

What did Little & Perret, 2002 say?

A

demonstrated that people prefer faces that look like their own

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22
Q

What does familarity lead to?

A

leads to liking - mere exposure effect

23
Q

What does interaction do in terms of relationship development

A
  • increases liking
    -help us feel connected
    -when people interact, they often mimic speech patterns, posture, mannerisms
24
Q

Who demonstrated physical proximity increases liklihood of interaction?

A

Festinger, Schachter & Back 1950

25
Q

What did Festinger, Schachter & Back 1905 demonstrate?

A

demonstrated physical proximity increases liklihood of interaction

26
Q

What is stage 1 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?

A

similairity encourages interaction

27
Q

What is stage 2 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?

A

the more we interact with others, the more similarities we discover

28
Q

What is stage 3 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?

A

The more we interact with someone, the more attractive that person appears to us, the more we continue interacting with them

29
Q

What is stage 4 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?

A

we find those we are similiar to us to be more physically attractive, and the more attractive people are, the more we want to be like them

30
Q

What is stage 5 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?

A

once liking develops, it feeds back on the other factors to develop and reinforce the connections

31
Q

In exchanging relationships, what is cost-reward ratio?

A

each partner rewards the other in order to gain rewards in return

32
Q

In exchanging relationships who demonstrated the social exchange theory, in economic theories?

A

Blau, 1964; Emerson, 1976; Kelley et al, 2003

33
Q

In close relationships, what are the three types of interdependence?

A
  • cognitive
    -behavioural
    -affective
34
Q

Who proposed the interdependence theory and what does it involve?

A
  • Kelly & Thibaut 1978
    -when we become closer with someone, our thoughts, emotions and behaviours intertwine
35
Q

What is cognitive interdependence, as a type of interdependence?

A

-the partner becomes part of self concept
-self-disclosure, perspective and control
- partners knowledge becomes more likely self-knowledge and start making attributions about our partners as if we were us
-self-serving attributionsq

36
Q

In cognitive interdependence, what does self disclose mean?

A
  • know partners thoughts and feelings as well as ones own
37
Q

In cognitive interdependence, what does perspective mean?

A
  • think about events from a partner’s point of view as well as one’s own
38
Q

In cognitive interdependence, what does control mean?

A
  • can influence partners actions as well as ones own
39
Q

What is behavioural interdependence, as a type of interdependence?

A
  • each person has a great deal of influence on partners decisions, activities and plans
  • prefer to do different activities but both want to do activity together: co-ordinate/cooperate
  • connectedness- concerned for each others welfare
40
Q

What is affective interdependence, as a type of interdependence?

A
  • refers to emotional band that links close relationship partners
  • intimacy translates into social support- strongly related to physical health
    -intimacy draws people together and committment holds relationship together
41
Q

What is intimacy in affective interdependence, as a type of interdependence?

A
  • positive emotional band of understanding and support is a key component of close relationships
42
Q

What is commitment in affective interdependence, as a type of interdependence?

A
  • long term orientation toward relationship, with intention to maintain it over time
43
Q

What is attachment styles in relationship development?

A
  • general beliefs about self and othersthat influence orientations toward relationships
    -originate in infancy, begin with relationships to caregiver
  • researchers tend to think of attachment styles on continuous dimensions- the extent to which people seek relationships with others (Shover & Mikulincer, 2009)
44
Q

What are the different attachment styles?

A
  • secured attachment
  • preoccupied attachment
  • dismissing attachment
  • fearful attachment
45
Q

What is secured attachment style?

A
  • unafraid of intimacy
    -comfortable relying on their partner for support and acceptance
46
Q

What is preoccupied attachment style?

A
  • want relationships but are worried others do not
47
Q

What dismissing attachment styles?

A
  • reluctant to get close to others because they want to feel independent and self-sufficient
48
Q

What is fearful attachment styles?

A
  • reluctant to get close to others because they find it difficult to trust others and dont want to get hurt- rejection sensitivity
49
Q

In same-sex relationships, who demonstrated similiarities and differences with heterosexual relationships?

A
  • Peplau and Fingerhut 2007
50
Q

What are the similarities between same sex couples and heterosexual couples?

A
  • value placed on affection, dependability and shared interests
  • relaitonships form through proximity and familiarity
  • interest plays key role in establishing new relationships
  • commitment strong predictors of success
51
Q

What are the differences between same sex couples and heterosexual couples?

A
  • gay and lesbian couples are more likely to remain friends following relationship breakdown
  • division of household labour more equitable
  • lesbian relationships are more likely to originate from pre-existing friendship
52
Q

What is communal relationship defined as?

A
  • relationship in which people reward their partner out of direct concern and to show caring
53
Q

What is interdependence defined as?

A
  • situation in which each persons thoughts, emotions and behaviours influence those of other people
54
Q

What is social support?

A
  • emotional and physical coping resources provided by other people

STUDY OF HUMAN INTERACTION (13 decks)

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