Percieving groups Flashcards
What is a group defined as ?
“two or more individuals percieve themselves to be members of the same social category
Who defined the term group?
- Turner 1982
What are the features of a group?
- interact with one another
-percieve the self as belonging to a group - are interdependent
- have common goal
- have a structure of norms or rules
-influence each other
What are the different types of group?
- entitavity
- intimacy groups
-task groups
-common bond groups
-common identity groups
What is entitavity in different types of group?
- feature of a group that makes it appear a distinct unit that is bound together
What is intimacy groups in different types of group?
- groups that are closely tied together
What is task groups in different types of group?
- groups that come together temporarily to achieve a specific goal
What is common bond groups in different types of group?
- members have close personal bonds within the group
What is common identity groups in different types of group?
- members have close personal ties to the group itself
What are the stages in how a group forms?
1.forming
2.storming
3.norming
4. performing
5.adjourning
What is forming in the stages in how a group forms?
- acceptance
-avoidance of conflict
-working out structure and roles
What is storming in the stages in how a group forms?
- addressing issues
-conflict
-conflict may be suppressed in the interests of harmony
What is norming in the stages in how a group forms?
- listening, support, flexibility
- common identity and purpose
What is performing in the stages in how a group forms?
- task orientation
What is adjourning in the stages in how a group forms?
- task is complete and the group disengages
What is group socialisation?
- explains dynamic nature of the group over time
-interrelationships between group and individual members are important - moreland and levine 1982
Who demonstated interrelationships between group and individual members are important ?
- Moreland & Levine, 1982
In group socialisation what are the 5 membership phases?
- prospective member (investigation)
- marginal member (socialisation)
- member (maintenance)
- marginal member (re-socialisation)
- ex-member (remembrance)
What is role transition in group socialisation?
-where your membership to a group ends due to a chance, or development in which resocialization isnt an option
-role transitions can become ritualised events or rites of passage
What are the social norms of group structure?
- can be formal or informal rules
-they can regulate and guide behaviour - some norms are universal, and some vary across cultures
What are social norms in group defined as?
- uniformities of behaviour and attitudes that determie, organised and differentiate groups from others group
Who defined social norms in group ?
- Sutton & Douglas 2020
What are the two types of social norms?
-descriptive
-injunctive
What are descriptive norms?
- norms that most people follow, whether they are right or wrong
What are injunctive norms?
- norms that are perceived as being approved of by other people
Why do norms work so well?
- often enforced
-people often internalise them - they become fixed during socialisation
-consenual
-frequently activated
-act as action heuristics to make life easier
What did Barley & Bechky 1994 in social roles?
- groups with set roles tend to be more satisified and better perform
What are the 3 types of violation of norms in a group?
- deviants
2.imposters - schism and subgroups
What are deviants in 3 types of violation of norms in a group?
- more disliked if they are in the group as they have gone against norms reflecting the group compared to someone out of the group
-marginal group members
deviate too far from protypical group members - helps group to point out what isnt going well and create social change
- subjective group dynamics model - Marqures et al 2001
Who created the subjective group dynamics model in deviants in 3 types of violation of norms in a group?
- Marques et al 2001
What are imposters in 3 types of violation of norms in a group?
- posing as legitimate group member when they are not
-“ meat-eating vegeterians”- dereogated more by the ingroup than outgroup - Jetten et al 2005
Who demonstrated “meat-eating vegetarians” theory in imposters in 3 types of violation of norms in a group?
- Jetten et al 2005
What are schism and subgroups in 3 types of violation of norms in a group?
-schism: when groups break off and smaller groups form
- can result in conflict for the larger group (Sani & Reacher 1998)
- cross cutting categories- subgroups that represent categoies with members outside the larger group (Crisp & Hewstone 2007)
- subgroups can exert influence on the group
What are the 5 things a group can do for us?
- interdependence
- affiliation, similiarity and support
- reducing uncertainty
- need for social identity
- optimal distinctiveness
What is interdependence as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?
people can often achieve more in groups than when alone - Thibaut & Kelley 1959
What is the key research in interdependence as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?
- Thibaut & Kelley 1959
What is affiliation, similarity and support as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?
- grouping together with people who have the same attitudes - Baumeister & Leary 1995
What is the key research in affiliation, similarity and support as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?
- Baumeister & Leary 1995
What is reducing uncertainty as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?
- too much uncertainty about who we are can feel uncomfortable (Hogg et al 2008) and identifying with groups tells us a lot about who we are and how we are supposed to behave
What is the key research in reducing uncertainty as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?
Hogg et al 2008
What is need for social identity as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?
-positive consequences for the self (Tajfel & Turner 1979) and motivation to protect the group because it is past of the self image
What is the key research in need for social identity as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?
Tajfel & Turner 1979
What is optimal distinctiveness as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?
people like to distinguish themselves from others (Brewer, 1991) but need to affilitate with others and being in a group allows both
What is the key research in optimal distinctiveness as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?
Brewer 1991
