Improving intergroup relations Flashcards
What is correcting stereotype-based judgements?
we can correct stereotypes based judgements after the fact but requires several things:
- acknowledging our biases/ that our judgements may have been affected by stereotypes
- time and motivation
- make a conscious effort to avoid being influenced by them
- need to consider ego-depletion
What is training away bias?
- can we intentionally activate counter-stereotypic information?
- Blair, Ma and Lenton (2001) asked students to generate images of strong women
- led to diminished stereotyping of women as ‘weak’ on subsequent implicit measures
- cognitive retraining approach for reducing stereotype application- motivated self regulation approach
What is the key research in training away bias?
Blair, Ma and Lenton 2001
What is seeking evidence to confirm the stereotype?
- confirmation bias= search for, interpret, favour and recall information in a way that confirms ones pre-existing beliefs
- stereotypes shape our interpretations of peoples behaviour
- self fufilling prophecy
What is just world hypothesis?
-group stereotypes- slow to change
- also believe that people get what they deserve (Lerner, 1965)
- people will rationalise an inexplicable injustice by naming things the victim might have done to deserve it
-people who believe in a just world feel little sympathy for people who go through traumatic experiences
- people who believe in a just world blame victims, e.g. violence
What are the stratergies for improving intergroup relations?
- tokenism and affirmative action
- affirmative action
-positive feedback bias
-intergroup contact
-extended contact
-imagined contact
-mental suppression
In stratergies for improving intergroup relations, what is tokenism and affirmative action?
- small gestures to help individual members of disadvantaged groups
- people are seen as less competent if they were hired under an affirmative action policy (Heilman et al 1992)
- “quotas” mean that people may make little effort to combat discrimination in other ways
In stratergies for improving intergroup relations, what is positive feedback bias?
- teachers make work more high and less critically if they think it is from a minority group (Harber 1998)
- bias can be harmful
In stratergies for improving intergroup relations, what is the key research in tokenism and affirmative action?
- Heilman et al 1992
In stratergies for improving intergroup relations, what is the key research in positive feedback bias?
Harber 1998
In stratergies for improving intergroup relations, what is intergroup contact?
-contact theory- bringing together members of opposing groups should improve intergroup relations
- optimal conditions (Allport 1954)
1. equality of status
2. common goals
3. inter group co operation
4. support of authorities
- contact works even when all conditions are not met (Pettigrew and troop 2006)
In stratergies for improving intergroup relations, what is the key research in intergroup contact?
- Allport 1954
- Pettigrew & Troop 2006
In strategies for improving intergroup relations, what is Realistic contact theory in intergroup contact?
-Sheriff, 1954, 1958, 1961
- intergroup conflict is outcome of a conflict of interests between an in group and an out group
- negative prejudices, and stereotypes are the result of competition between groups for desired resources
- conflict of interest generates negative attitudes and behaviours towards other group members
In strategies for improving intergroup relations, what is Robbers cave experiment in intergroup contact?
-Sherif 1961
- field study attempting to better understand causes and consequences of intergroup conflicts
-pps: 12 year old boys-strangers, similiar education level and similiar sociocultural backgrounds
- group formation: arrived in two separate groups
- reducing conflict: sub-ordinate goals- both groups needed for task to succeed
In strategies for improving intergroup relations, what is extended contact?
- virtual or vicarious contact- Wright et al 1997
- people are less prejudiced if they are friends with people who have outgroup friends
In strategies for improving intergroup relations, what is the key research in extended contact?
Wright et al 1997
In strategies for improving intergroup relations, what is imagined contact?
- prejudiced can be temporarily reduced by imagining a positive episode with an outgroup member (Crisp & Turner 2009)
- but can amplify pre-existing tensions and negative associations unless positive aspects are included ( West et al 2011)
- generally, contact seems to work but remember limitations of lab approaches
In strategies for improving intergroup relations, what is the key research in imagined contact?
- Crisp & Turner 2009
- West et al 2011
In strategies for improving intergroup relations, what is mental suppression?
- people may try to overcome the effects of stereotyping and prejudice by suppressing stereotypic thoughts
- intrinsic motivation to suppress prejudice may be effective
- people who are motivated to suppress prejudice feel emotions if they dont live up to the standards- less prejudice (Plant & Devine 1998
- the more people suppress prejudice over time, the more their feelings help them control prejudice (Monteith et al 2002)- guilt, self reflection
In strategies for improving intergroup relations, what is the key research in mental suppression?
- Plant & Devine 1998
- Monteith et al 2002
What is suppressing unwanted stereotypic thoughts?
- suppressing unwanted stereotypic thoughts can be successful, but only in short term
- conclusion: people can suppress stereotypes in short run, but suppression of stereotypes can lead to a rebound effect
- Macrae et al. 1994
What is barriers to stereotype change?
- stereotypes are resistent to change
- seeing stereotype- inconsistent behaviour by a group member doesnt lead to stereotype change
- inconsistent information may be compartmentalized - linked to subtype of social group
What is confirmation bias defined as?
search for, interpret, favour and recall info in a way that confirms ones pre-existing belief
What is just world hypothesis defined as?
people have a need to believe that their enviornment is a just and orderly place, where people usually get what they deserve
What is tokenism defined as?
performing positive actions towards members of minority or disadvantaged groups as a reaction to the discrimination they suffer
What is affirmative action defined as?
a collective name for policies designed to promote the employment of people from disadvantaged minority groups
What is positive feedback bias defined as?
the process of giving more positive feedback on work believed to have been performed by a minority group member rather than a majority group member
What is contact hypothesis defined as?
the theory that certain types of direct contact between members of hostile groups will reduce stereotyping and prejudice
What is extended contact effect defined as?
finding that people are less prejudiced if they are friends with an ingroup member who they know to have good friendships with outgroup members
What is imagined contact effect defined as?
merely imagined positive encounters with people of minority groups will make people feel more positive towards that group
