Intergroup relations Flashcards
What is stereotypes defined as?
widely shared beliefs about the characteristics of groups and their members
What is prejudice defined as?
any positive or negative evaluation of a social group or its members
What is discrimination?
unequal treatment of different people based on the groups of categories to which they belong
What does processes of stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination depend on?
- identifying people as members of social groups
What is a social group?
two or more people sharing common characteristics that are socially meaningful for themselves of others
What do enviornment cues and social categories have to be?
- socially meaningful
- people seen as cognitive misers
What is the problem with stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination?
- not enough space in working memory to process everyone as an individual
- people rely on short-cuts
- Fiske & Taylor 1991
What is the study in problem with stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination?
Fiske & Taylor 1991
How demonstrated that people draw on stereotypes to gain knowledge about people they barely know?
Dijker & Koomen 1996
What did Dijker & Koomen 1996 demonstrate?
- people draw on stereotypes to gain knowledge about people they barely know
Why do people sometimes use stereotypes and sometimes they don’t?
-being outcome dependent on another person means that they use stereotypes less and cognitive resources more
- accuracy is more important
- Stephan, Berscheid & Hatfield 1971
What is the key research in Why do people sometimes use stereotypes and sometimes they don’t?
- Stephan, Berscheid & Hatfield 1971
What is illusory correlation?
-stereotypes assume a correlation between group membership and individuals characteristics
- we are sentitive to distinct events, so when two distinctive events occur together, it is noticeable
- we have less contact with minorities and outgroups and therefore commit a crucial cogntive error: ilusory correlation
What is the key example in illusory correlation?
- Hamilton and Gifford 1976
What is the research of Hamilton and Gifford 1976?
- ps read sentences, each describing a desirable and undesirable behaviour about a member of Group A and Group B (both groups more desirable behaviours reported: 2x positive to 1x negative)
- group A had more info than Group b
- ps asking impression of groups and liked group b less
- formed an illusory correlation by percieving a link between the two relatively infrequent and distinctive characteristics: undersiable behaviour and membership in the group about which they had read less info
What is social categorization?
- process of identifying individual people as members of a social group because they share certain features that are typical of the group
- forms basis of stereotyping
Why does social categorization occur?
- because percieving people as members of social groups rather than unique individuals- enable people to function in society by knowing how to treat othera
What is automatic activation?
- stereotype sometimes becomes so well learned that the activation becomes automatic
- evaluation of groups (prejudice) can be activated automatically
- more often category used, more accessible it becomes (automaticity)
In automatic activation, who are the key researchers in implicit measures?
- Jones & Sigall 1971
- Fazio et al 1998
- Greenwald et al 1998
In automatic activation, what did Jones & Sigall, 1971 say as one of the key researchers in implicit measures?
- bogus pipeline (pretend lie detector)
In automatic activation, what did Fazio et al 1998 say as one of the key researchers in implicit measures?
- evaluative priming tasks (priming people with words and images, linking to minority/stereotypes
In automatic activation, what did Greenwald et al 1998 say as one of the key researchers in implicit measures?
- implicit association test (reaction times)
Who proposed the social identity theory?
-Tajfel & Turner 1979
What is the social identity theory?
- theory of group membership and intergroup relationships based on self categorization/ a persons sense of who they are based on their group memberships
- people derive their social identity from groups to which they belong
- shared construction of a shared self-definition in terms of in-group defining properties
What is category accentuation?
- mere act of categorisation can distort perceptions of groups
- differences between categories are maximised, and differences within categories are minimised - Tajfel & Wilkes 1963
In category accentuation, what is outgroup homogeneity effect?
- the tendency to see people within the same group as being more ‘similar’ than they are
- because we like people who share characteristics with ourselves, the net result of the outgroup homogeneity effect can be ingroup bias
What are the three motives behind stereotyping?
- mastery
- connectedness
- justifying the social structure
What is mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping?
personal experience with group members/ understanding the world
What is connectedness as one of the motives behind stereotyping?
following social norms of our valued in-groups
What is justifying the social structure as one of the motives behind stereotyping?
rationalisations and justifications for its hierarchies of inequality
What does mastery entail as one of the motives behind stereotyping?
- stereotypes summarising personal experiences
-world is getting ‘smaller’- face to face encounters with people from many different groups - categorise people - encounters serve as building blocks to form stereotypes- can be biased (influencing stereotypes formed), and even a single encounter can have an effect
In mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping, what is social roles triggering correspondence biases?
- what we see the group doing has big impact on impressions
- social roles trigger correspondence bias (Eagly 1987)
- society allocates members of groups to systematically different roles and roles influence their behaviour choices
- results in conclusion: people are naturally suited for the roles they hold
In mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping, who is the key research in social roles triggering correspondence biases?
- Eagly 1987
In mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping, what is the research in social roles and stereotypes?
Hoffman & Hurts 1990
In mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping, what is the research by Hoffman & Hurts 1990 in social roles and stereotypes?
- student pps read descriptions of orinthians vs ackmians: from plant x
- most orinthians- involved in childcare
- most ackmians- outside workers
- all childcare workers described as nurturing and outside workers described as competitive
-pps asked to guess the creatures typical characteristics attached traits to the group rather than the roles
In mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping, what is emotions and stereotyping?
- when negative emotions accompany interaction with a group, feelings can be transferred to the group
- emotions can become part of the stereotype: classical conditioning
- classical conditioning occurs when a person or object is repeatedly paired with emotion or trauma
What does connectedness entail as one of the motives behind stereotyping?
- we want to be part of the group so adopt stereotypes of people closest to us eg parents and peers
- C.F social learning theory (Bandura 1977): observational learning
- stereotypes become social norms, generally accepted patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour
In connectedness as one of the motives behind stereotyping, what is public communications?
- social communication of stereotypes: stereotypes may even become stronger through the process of social communication
- when people form impressions of groups second hand- their impressions of the group are more stereotypical and can continue even after first contact with the group
- public communications affects attitudes towards minority groups: desensitisation approach/illusory correlations
What does justifying the social structure entail as one of the motives behind stereotyping?
- stereotypes prevalent in society often serve to justify existing inequalities
- every society maintains rationalisations and justifications for its hierachies of inequality- dominant groups seen as deserving and minority as underserving
In justifying the social structure as one of the motives behind stereotyping, in stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination in different intergroup contexts, what is sexism entailing?
- hostile sexism- women pose a threat to mens position
-benevolent sexism- women are wonderful and necessary for mens happiness - attitudes towards women are therefore ambivalent (Glick & Fiske 1996)
In justifying the social structure as one of the motives behind stereotyping, in stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination in different intergroup contexts, what is ageism entailing?
- older people face many forms of prejudice ( Age concern 2006)
- ‘ageism is bad for you’ hypothesis- Levy et al 2009
- people completed an ageism- 25% of people who endorsed ageist stereotypes had a cardiovascular even twithin 30 years (compared to 13%)
What is social group defined as?
two or more people who share some common characteristic that is socially meaningful for themselves or for others
What is social categorization?
the process of identifying individual people as members of social group because they share certain features that are typical of the group
What is illusory correlation?
people percieve a relationship between variables even when no such relationship exists
What is social identity theory defined as?
theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self categorisation, social comparison and the shared construction of a shared self definition in terms of in group defining properties
What is implicit association test?
reaction time to measure attitudes- particular unpopular attitudes that people might conceal
What is outgroup homogeneity effect?
tendency to see people within a same group as being more similiar than they really are
