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STUDY OF HUMAN INTERACTION > Intergroup relations > Flashcards

Intergroup relations Flashcards

1
Q

What is stereotypes defined as?

A

widely shared beliefs about the characteristics of groups and their members

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2
Q

What is prejudice defined as?

A

any positive or negative evaluation of a social group or its members

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3
Q

What is discrimination?

A

unequal treatment of different people based on the groups of categories to which they belong

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4
Q

What does processes of stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination depend on?

A
  • identifying people as members of social groups
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5
Q

What is a social group?

A

two or more people sharing common characteristics that are socially meaningful for themselves of others

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6
Q

What do enviornment cues and social categories have to be?

A
  • socially meaningful
  • people seen as cognitive misers
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7
Q

What is the problem with stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination?

A
  • not enough space in working memory to process everyone as an individual
  • people rely on short-cuts
  • Fiske & Taylor 1991
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8
Q

What is the study in problem with stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination?

A

Fiske & Taylor 1991

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9
Q

How demonstrated that people draw on stereotypes to gain knowledge about people they barely know?

A

Dijker & Koomen 1996

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10
Q

What did Dijker & Koomen 1996 demonstrate?

A
  • people draw on stereotypes to gain knowledge about people they barely know
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11
Q

Why do people sometimes use stereotypes and sometimes they don’t?

A

-being outcome dependent on another person means that they use stereotypes less and cognitive resources more
- accuracy is more important
- Stephan, Berscheid & Hatfield 1971

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12
Q

What is the key research in Why do people sometimes use stereotypes and sometimes they don’t?

A
  • Stephan, Berscheid & Hatfield 1971
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13
Q

What is illusory correlation?

A

-stereotypes assume a correlation between group membership and individuals characteristics
- we are sentitive to distinct events, so when two distinctive events occur together, it is noticeable
- we have less contact with minorities and outgroups and therefore commit a crucial cogntive error: ilusory correlation

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14
Q

What is the key example in illusory correlation?

A
  • Hamilton and Gifford 1976
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15
Q

What is the research of Hamilton and Gifford 1976?

A
  • ps read sentences, each describing a desirable and undesirable behaviour about a member of Group A and Group B (both groups more desirable behaviours reported: 2x positive to 1x negative)
  • group A had more info than Group b
  • ps asking impression of groups and liked group b less
  • formed an illusory correlation by percieving a link between the two relatively infrequent and distinctive characteristics: undersiable behaviour and membership in the group about which they had read less info
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16
Q

What is social categorization?

A
  • process of identifying individual people as members of a social group because they share certain features that are typical of the group
  • forms basis of stereotyping
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17
Q

Why does social categorization occur?

A
  • because percieving people as members of social groups rather than unique individuals- enable people to function in society by knowing how to treat othera
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18
Q

What is automatic activation?

A
  • stereotype sometimes becomes so well learned that the activation becomes automatic
  • evaluation of groups (prejudice) can be activated automatically
  • more often category used, more accessible it becomes (automaticity)
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19
Q

In automatic activation, who are the key researchers in implicit measures?

A
  • Jones & Sigall 1971
  • Fazio et al 1998
  • Greenwald et al 1998
20
Q

In automatic activation, what did Jones & Sigall, 1971 say as one of the key researchers in implicit measures?

A
  • bogus pipeline (pretend lie detector)
21
Q

In automatic activation, what did Fazio et al 1998 say as one of the key researchers in implicit measures?

A
  • evaluative priming tasks (priming people with words and images, linking to minority/stereotypes
22
Q

In automatic activation, what did Greenwald et al 1998 say as one of the key researchers in implicit measures?

A
  • implicit association test (reaction times)
23
Q

Who proposed the social identity theory?

A

-Tajfel & Turner 1979

24
Q

What is the social identity theory?

A
  • theory of group membership and intergroup relationships based on self categorization/ a persons sense of who they are based on their group memberships
  • people derive their social identity from groups to which they belong
  • shared construction of a shared self-definition in terms of in-group defining properties
25
Q

What is category accentuation?

A
  • mere act of categorisation can distort perceptions of groups
  • differences between categories are maximised, and differences within categories are minimised - Tajfel & Wilkes 1963
26
Q

In category accentuation, what is outgroup homogeneity effect?

A
  • the tendency to see people within the same group as being more ‘similar’ than they are
  • because we like people who share characteristics with ourselves, the net result of the outgroup homogeneity effect can be ingroup bias
27
Q

What are the three motives behind stereotyping?

A
  1. mastery
  2. connectedness
  3. justifying the social structure
28
Q

What is mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping?

A

personal experience with group members/ understanding the world

29
Q

What is connectedness as one of the motives behind stereotyping?

A

following social norms of our valued in-groups

30
Q

What is justifying the social structure as one of the motives behind stereotyping?

A

rationalisations and justifications for its hierarchies of inequality

31
Q

What does mastery entail as one of the motives behind stereotyping?

A
  • stereotypes summarising personal experiences
    -world is getting ‘smaller’- face to face encounters with people from many different groups - categorise people
  • encounters serve as building blocks to form stereotypes- can be biased (influencing stereotypes formed), and even a single encounter can have an effect
32
Q

In mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping, what is social roles triggering correspondence biases?

A
  • what we see the group doing has big impact on impressions
  • social roles trigger correspondence bias (Eagly 1987)
  • society allocates members of groups to systematically different roles and roles influence their behaviour choices
  • results in conclusion: people are naturally suited for the roles they hold
33
Q

In mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping, who is the key research in social roles triggering correspondence biases?

A
  • Eagly 1987
34
Q

In mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping, what is the research in social roles and stereotypes?

A

Hoffman & Hurts 1990

35
Q

In mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping, what is the research by Hoffman & Hurts 1990 in social roles and stereotypes?

A
  • student pps read descriptions of orinthians vs ackmians: from plant x
  • most orinthians- involved in childcare
  • most ackmians- outside workers
  • all childcare workers described as nurturing and outside workers described as competitive
    -pps asked to guess the creatures typical characteristics attached traits to the group rather than the roles
36
Q

In mastery as one of the motives behind stereotyping, what is emotions and stereotyping?

A
  • when negative emotions accompany interaction with a group, feelings can be transferred to the group
  • emotions can become part of the stereotype: classical conditioning
  • classical conditioning occurs when a person or object is repeatedly paired with emotion or trauma
37
Q

What does connectedness entail as one of the motives behind stereotyping?

A
  • we want to be part of the group so adopt stereotypes of people closest to us eg parents and peers
  • C.F social learning theory (Bandura 1977): observational learning
  • stereotypes become social norms, generally accepted patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour
38
Q

In connectedness as one of the motives behind stereotyping, what is public communications?

A
  • social communication of stereotypes: stereotypes may even become stronger through the process of social communication
  • when people form impressions of groups second hand- their impressions of the group are more stereotypical and can continue even after first contact with the group
  • public communications affects attitudes towards minority groups: desensitisation approach/illusory correlations
39
Q

What does justifying the social structure entail as one of the motives behind stereotyping?

A
  • stereotypes prevalent in society often serve to justify existing inequalities
  • every society maintains rationalisations and justifications for its hierachies of inequality- dominant groups seen as deserving and minority as underserving
40
Q

In justifying the social structure as one of the motives behind stereotyping, in stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination in different intergroup contexts, what is sexism entailing?

A
  • hostile sexism- women pose a threat to mens position
    -benevolent sexism- women are wonderful and necessary for mens happiness
  • attitudes towards women are therefore ambivalent (Glick & Fiske 1996)
41
Q

In justifying the social structure as one of the motives behind stereotyping, in stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination in different intergroup contexts, what is ageism entailing?

A
  • older people face many forms of prejudice ( Age concern 2006)
  • ‘ageism is bad for you’ hypothesis- Levy et al 2009
  • people completed an ageism- 25% of people who endorsed ageist stereotypes had a cardiovascular even twithin 30 years (compared to 13%)
42
Q

What is social group defined as?

A

two or more people who share some common characteristic that is socially meaningful for themselves or for others

43
Q

What is social categorization?

A

the process of identifying individual people as members of social group because they share certain features that are typical of the group

44
Q

What is illusory correlation?

A

people percieve a relationship between variables even when no such relationship exists

45
Q

What is social identity theory defined as?

A

theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self categorisation, social comparison and the shared construction of a shared self definition in terms of in group defining properties

46
Q

What is implicit association test?

A

reaction time to measure attitudes- particular unpopular attitudes that people might conceal

47
Q

What is outgroup homogeneity effect?

A

tendency to see people within a same group as being more similiar than they really are

STUDY OF HUMAN INTERACTION (20 decks)

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