regulation of metabolism

Question 1

endogenous sources

Answer 1

stores

Question 2

glycolysis and gluconeogenesis have

Answer 2

no energy barrier so they happen at the same time

Question 3

build up of intermediates suggests

Answer 3

plenty of atp so glycolysis is inhibited and GNG is stimulated

Question 4

f-6-p to f-1,6-bisp what stimulates and inhibites PFK1

Answer 4

stimulated by: AMP

inhibited by: Citrate or ATP

Question 5

f-6-p to f-1,6-bisp what stimulates and inhibites F-1,6-bisphosophatase

Answer 5

stimulated by: cirtate

inhibited by: AMP

Question 6

acetyl coa stimulates what

Answer 6

pyruvate kinase

Question 7

pyruvate kinase is inhibted by

Answer 7

ATP and alanine

Question 8

intrinsic regulation is what

Answer 8

(metabolites) direct via allosterism (in one cell)

Question 9

extrinsic regulation is what

Answer 9

(hormones) indirect but body wide

Question 10

insulin is increased by

Answer 10

increasing Glc and Leu

Question 11

glucagon is increased by

Answer 11

decreasing Glc

increasing glucogenic AA

Question 12

hormones alter what in enzymes

Answer 12

activity by phosphorylation

number of enzymes

Question 13

amino acids from muscle protein to

Answer 13

liver, c-skeleton to form glycogen or FA

Question 14

GLUT 1&3 and HK 1-3 both have

Answer 14

low Km so high affinity for glucose

Question 15

(liver beta cells) GLUT 2 and HK 4glucokinase both have

Answer 15

high Km so not inhibited by g-6-p

Question 16

isozymes

Answer 16

different enzymes same substrate

Question 17

glucokinase has a

Answer 17

much higher activity at high glucose conc.

Question 18

insulin turns glucose into fat but also

Answer 18

inhibits Fat breakdown

Question 19

fructose instead of glucose causes

Answer 19

alot of glyceride 3 phosphate to be made entering glycolysis

Question 20

F-1-p stimulates

Answer 20

pyruvate kinase to form more pyruvate

Question 21

maintain blood glucose, aderenaline and glucagon..

Answer 21

increases blood glucose levels

Question 22

maintain blood glucose, during starvation

Answer 22

protein degradation

Question 23

maintain blood glucose, adrenaline (muscles) (glucose)

Answer 23

increase PFK 2

Question 24

maintain blood glucose, adrenaline (muscles) (TAGS)

Answer 24

increases lipoprotein lipase

(Adipose) increases HS lipase

Question 25

maintain blood glucose, adrenaline (liver) (Glucose)

Answer 25

decrease in PFK2 | increase in F-1,6-bisphosphatase

Question 26

maintain blood glucose, adrenaline (liver) (FA)

Answer 26

decrease acetly coa Carboxylase

Question 27

maintain blood glucose, glycogen (liver) (Glucose) and (FA)

Answer 27

same as adrenaline

Question 28

maintain blood glucose, cotrisol (liver glucose) (adipose muscles TAGS)

Answer 28

increase PEP carboxykinase increase AA catabolising enzyme (increasing urea cycle) increase glycogen synthase increase HS lipase increase protein degradation

Question 29

brain converts to

Answer 29

Ketone body use

Question 30

in muscles we can also use

Answer 30

phosphocreatine | creatine phosphate

Question 31

type 1 diabetes

Answer 31

low glucose uptake | no inhibition of HS lipase so increase of fa in blood

Question 32

fa in blood cause

Answer 32

ketoacidosis

Question 33

increase blood glucoses conc

Answer 33

osmotic inbalance

Question 34

type 2 cause

Answer 34

no ketosis glucose produced by liver adipose increase

Question 35

type 1 and 2 long term

Answer 35

AGEs

Question 36

AGEs cause what

Answer 36

glycated haemoglobin-- glucose attached to haem | glycated lipoproteins-- atherosclerosis

Question 37

ethanol - acetaldehyde

Answer 37

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 38

acetaldehyde - acetate

Answer 38

aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 39

acetate- acetyl coa

Answer 39

acetyl coa synthetase (add coa and gtp-gmp)

Question 40

glucose + lysine NH2 -----------

Answer 40

AGEs after months