Reconciliation Flashcards

1
Q

“Reconciliation turns “current” peace into…

A

“stable” peace”

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2
Q

Reconciliation is both…

A

a process and a destination

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3
Q

Conflict Resolution…

A
  • Is the first step towards lasting peace…
  • Conflict has left a mark on the people
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4
Q

What do we mean by reconciliation?

A

“Reconciliation means restoring friendship and harmony between the rival sides after conflict resolution, or transforming relations of hostility and resentment to friendly and harmonious ones”

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5
Q

International Relations Perspective - Approaches to reconciliation:

A

○ Quickly foster security, economic, and political cooperation
○ This peace will spill over from ruling elites to all sectors of the population
○ Top-down approach
○ HOWEVER “….it has to happen in the hearts and minds of people”

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6
Q

Social Psychological Perspective - Approaches to reconciliation:

A
  • Address cognitive and emotional aspects of reconciliation
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7
Q

Reconciliation Requires 5 Conditions:

A

– trust
– acknowledgement of wrongdoing
– apology
– mutual assurance that both groups are invested in reconciliation
– forgiveness

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8
Q

Intergroup Trust - Why is it important?

A

Most important condition for stable peace:
- Mutual trust assures that both sides are working towards peace

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9
Q

What is trust? (4)

A
  • Positive bias in processing information
  • Positive expectations of the others’ behaviour
  • “Trusting” the outgroup represents a threat to the ingroup
  • One’s vulnerability will not be exploited by the other
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10
Q

Communal trust:

A
  • each part is committed to the welfare of the other (interpersonal closeness)
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11
Q

Why is communal trust difficult to foster?

A
  • In reconciliation – difficult to foster:
    ○ ill-will is expected
    ○ drastic change to increased concern for welfare = suspicious
    ○ well-intended actions from the outgroup may be interpreted as manipulative
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12
Q

SUGGESTION for communal trust? (WORKING TRUST) - 5

A
  • working trust: Trust does not mean good will or friendship between parties
  • self-interest can indicate seriousness of working-relationship
  • more convincing if your opponent is interested in the peace process, can benefit from it, and is part of their long-term vision
  • Reconciliation requires (working) trust; (interpersonal) trust first requires reconciliation
  • Working trust is FRAGILE!
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13
Q

3 things that reconciliation should work towards:

A
  • Should openly address painful questions of past conflict - build a foundation for normal peace relations
  • Both parties address their part in the conflict;
  • acknowledgment that the conflict instilled fears in both sides
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14
Q

Being Heard (perspective taking):

A
  • Perspective-taking is a powerful tool; plays a central role in reconciliation
  • Perspective-giving
  • Telling your own story leads to greater trust, favourable attitudes
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15
Q

Acknowledgement Facilitates Reconciliation:

A

The effectiveness of openly talking about past atrocities / having the acknowledged

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16
Q

What makes for an effective apology? (4) - How can this lead to worse?

A
  • Expression of remorse and empathy
  • Plea for forgiveness
  • Acknowledgment of the injustice and suffering
  • Compensation is offered
  • High risk strategies that can worsen a bad situation
  • Especially when power relations are seen as unstable…
17
Q

Truth & Reconciliation Comissions:

A
  • After conflict & genocide, groups yearn for acknowledgment of suffering
  • Both victims and perpetrators come and detail their stories
  • Victims gain closure and perpetrators seek forgiveness
  • Tend to show success
  • Truth acceptance correlates with reconciliatory attitudes
18
Q

TRCs seem to work because…

A

– empathy leads to greater trust and reconciliation
– hearing that your group’s plight has been acknowledged leads to greater reconciliatory attitudes

19
Q

Issues with TRCs:

A

TRC’s have been criticized for not providing sufficient support to victims and perpetrators

20
Q
A
21
Q

Why is trust so important for reconciling?

A

It allows individuals to accept risks

22
Q

Why is it difficult to foster Intergroup Trust?

A

Most difficult condition to foster:
- Requires a deep, cognitive change – beliefs, ideology, and emotions
- Reconciliation requires trust; trust first requires reconciliation