Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 208 > INTERGROUP CONTACT: MAJORITIES > Flashcards

INTERGROUP CONTACT: MAJORITIES Flashcards

1
Q

If they were to come into contact with the object of their animosity, and have a positive experience, would it lower their prejudice?

A
  • Theorists think “no”
  • ALLPORT: can work unless prejudiced is deeply rooted in the individual
  • Williams (1947): Reviewed early evidence on intergroup relations
  • RECALL: PREJUDICE IS INFLUENCED BY…LEVEL OF PRIOR PREJUDICE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Does The Ideologically Intolerant Benefit from Positive Contact?

A
  • NO
  • If not, then intergroup contact not as useful as once thought
  • We still want egalitarian people to benefit from contact (reduce bias; create common ingroups)
  • Contact is only really valuable to the extent that it improves attitudes amongst intolerant people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who constitutes the intolerant?

A
  • Social dominance orientation
  • Authoritarianism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Social Dominance Theory - 3 basics (INC. Zero-Sums)

A
  • Natural tendency to form and maintain group-based hierarchies
    • If you’re unsatisfied with your status, it may be necessary to step over other groups and hurt them to get what you want
      - Rooted in evolutionary-psychological position
    • EX: even at 3 months old, we have this natural understanding of dominance
      - Hold zero-sum beliefs: gains for immigrants = loss for non-immigrants
    • Can only be one winner in society
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HOW DO WE MOTIVATE SUCH PREJUDICE? WHY THESE HIERARCHIES ARE NATURAL?

A

Through Legitimizing Myths: widely-shared cultural ideologies that provide moral/intellectual justification for intergroup behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who constitutes the “intolerant”? (2)

A
  • Social dominance orientation
  • Authoritarianism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of LMS:

A

1: Hierarchy-enhancing legitimizing myths
2: Hierarchy-attenuating legitimizing myths:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hierarchy-enhancing legitimizing myths:

A
  • Myths that serve group-based hierarchies
  • Racism/meritocracy/divine rights of kings
    • EX: the royal family, Kim Jong Un
    • To get the status you want, you just need to work for it
    • EX: women should just keep working and not get pregnant to be as good as men
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hierarchy-attenuating legitimizing myths: (5)

A
  • Universal rights / civil rights / anarchism / feminism / nobless oblige (Marxist idea of sharing the resources available to you)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do both types of LMS want? How do they differ?

A
  • To limit intergroup contact
  • People who want hierarchies will hold LMS that keep these hierarchies
    • Don’t want conflict, because that means that their (hierarchical) position is being challenged
  • People who hold hierarchy attenuating LMS don’t want contact because they believe that resources should be shared amongst everyone
  • THE CONTRAST BETWEEN THESE TWO LMS CAN CAUSE CONFLICT, but the ultimate goal amongst both groups is to limit intergroup conflict
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

WHAT PREDICTS SDO? (5 traits):

A
  • Cultural context
  • Group status
  • Sex/gender
  • Socialization
  • Heritability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is SDO genetic? Nurtured?

A
  • Things like sex/gender and heritability can determine SDO as a sort of genetic predisposition
  • But contrastingly, things that are bound to change (cultural context, group status, socialization)
  • Shows that SDO may not just be measuring personality, but an attitudinal predisposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SDO

A
  1. Someone who clings to conventions and traditions
  2. Submit to authorities - unquestioned
  3. Aggress against outgroups when permitted (by authorities)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is RWA developed and maintained?

A

SUMMARY: the more intense of a notion of a dangerous world you hold, the higher your authoritarianism, leading to prejudice against those who challenge convention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

RWA - MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

A
  1. Someone who clings to conventions and traditions
  2. Submit to authorities - unquestioned
  3. Aggress against outgroups when permitted (by authorities)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common Themes Within RWA (3)

A
  • More likely to support apartheid
  • Opposed to democratization in the former Soviet Union
  • Prejudiced against:
    • Blacks, Hispanics, homosexuals, feminists, aboriginals, East Indians, Japanese, Chinese, Pakistanis, Filipinos, Africans, Jews, and Arab
17
Q

RWA DOUBLE STANDARDS:

A
  • EX: Harsher punishments for gays who committed a crime more than an anti-gay person
  • High RWAs think worse of the former Soviet Union to invade its neighbours than the US
  • In Russia, high RWAs think worse of Americans for invading its neighbours than Russia
18
Q

LWA

A
  • “Half of all authoritarianisms are left-wing”
  • Whereas RWA correlated with political and economic conservatism, LWA correlates with liberalism
  • Left-wing authoritarianism is not a myth, but a worrisome reality. Evidence from 13 Eastern European countries
19
Q

How do SDOs/RWAs hate and why?

A
  • SDO is particularly affected by groups who challenge social hierarchy or are competitive
  • SDOs particularly low in empathy
  • RWAs are particularly prejudiced towards groups that threaten social order /cohesion and traditional values
  • RWAs high in anxiety
20
Q

What predicts prejudice?

A

VARIOUS THINGS:
- Intergroup contact
- Education (own and parents)
- Age
- Sex
- Social norms
- Implicit attitudes
- Socialization

21
Q

How do SDOs/RWAs hate and why?

A
  • SDO is particularly affected by groups who challenge social hierarchy or are competitive
  • SDOs particularly low in empathy (Pratto et al., 1994)
  • RWAs are particularly prejudiced towards groups that threaten social order /cohesion and traditional values
  • RWAs high in anxiety (Hodson, Hogg & MacInnis, 2009
22
Q

Can we change SDO/AUTH scores by targeting their core beliefs?***

A
23
Q

What % of outgroup attitudes do SDO and AUTH make up:

A
  • SDO & AUTH: 50%
  • Other variables: 50%
  • WHY?: Due to authoritarianism/SDO as personality variables
24
Q

These interventions challenge closely held beliefs about the proper order of society***

A

THREATENING
- Ideologies are:
1: Deeply rooted
2: Psychologically meaningful
3: Aid in prediction and uncertainty reduction

25
Q

Can we change SDO/AUTH scores by targeting their core beliefs?

A
  • NO, such efforts have failed
  • These interventions challenge closely held beliefs about the proper order of society
  • RWA/SDO Ideologies are:
    1: Deeply rooted
    2: Psychologically meaningful
    3: Aid in prediction and uncertainty reduction
26
Q

Can intergroup contact reduce authoritarianism / SDO?

A

Dhont, Van Heil, & Hewstone (2014):
- 71 Students from 3 Belgian high schools
- Taken on a trip to acquaint them with Moroccan students, religion, and way of life.
- Hiking, sightseeing, helped with school tasks, met Moroccan students’ relatives
- Contact quality and SDO before and after the trip

FINDINGS: CONTACT QUALITY (NOT QUANTITY) THAT WAS LONGITUDINALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SDO (R = -.17)
- OVERALL ANSWER: YES

27
Q

People low on openness/new experiences are…

A
  • Low in authoritarianism
  • Cognitive rigidity; the need to have set answers
  • However, this can be used to change ways of thinking
28
Q

Does intergroup contact work for individuals high in SDO / AUTH?

A
  • Correlation between intergroup contact and positive attitudes by choice of contact:
  • Contact works best for people who DON’T want contact
29
Q

RECALL: Interventions focusing on changing core values, not only fail, but backfire - WHY?

A

Because RWA, LWA, and SDO are psychologically, deeply rooted

30
Q

Summary (Intergroup Contact)

A
  • Intergroup contact works best for individuals who have prejudiced personalities.
  • Intergroup contact doesn’t try to change worldview per se (typically lead to backfire effects; Hodson et al., 2014)
  • Find that contact affects the variables that prejudiced people have concerns about.
    ~ – RWA: reduced anxiety
    ~ – SDO: increase empathy
31
Q

Can intergroup contact reduce authoritarianism / SDO

A
  • FINDINGS: CONTACT QUALITY (NOT QUANTITY) THAT WAS LONGITUDINALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SDO (R = -.17)
  • OVERALL ANSWER: YES

PSYC 208 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions