Midterm #2 Flashcards
What are the 4 intervention techniques?
- Cognitive & Emotional Training
- Value Consistency, Self-Worth
- Peer Influence, Discussion, and Dialogue
- Social Categorization
Cognitive & Emotional Training
strategies to regulate thinking/emotional reactions
Group 1 - Classical Conditioning (Cognitive & Emotional Training)
- when we see a group, we don’t naturally have a reaction
- however, when media presents heavy stereotypes for these roles, it classically conditions us to form a reaction to (once neutral) groups
Group 1 - Classical Conditioning: Changing How We Think (2 METHODS) (Cognitive & Emotional Training)
1: “If-then” scenarios (implementation intentions): planning for an intergroup encounter - anticipating what you would do in such a situation, rather than relying on implicit decisions (and biases)
2: Reappraisal Techniques - focus on situational explanations for other group’s behaviours rather than dispositional
- Alternative explanations - what are some other factors?
- Reframing outgroup behaviour like so should decrease anger
- Anger would typically lead to support for aggression. slows down progress towards reconciliation
Group 1 - Classical Conditioning: Changing how we feel (Cognitive & Emotional Training)
2: Changing how we feel: Guided meditation where you send love and gratitude to outgroup members, Trained emotion regulation in how to reduce negative emotions
Group 2 - Cognitive Emotional Training (Cognitive & Emotional Training)
- Putting yourself in someone else’s shoes
- Imagine self: imagine how you would feel if you were in their place
- Imagine other: imagine how they are feeling in their situation
- Perspective-taking is a precursor to empathy; empathy is a precursor to altruism
Group 3 - Perspective Talking (Cognitive & Emotional Training)
- Promote empathy and altruism
- Said to increase self-other overlap; Cognitive phenomenon
Value Consistency, Self-Worth
- Promoting self-worth and consistency motives
- Combines research into a) the need for positive regard and b) the need to hold consistent attitudes
Method 1: Reminding People of What’s Important to Them (Value Consistency, Self-Worth)
- If you can remind people of their group’s egalitarian preferences/moral exemplars/introspection about own beliefs (Values affirmation: what group values are important), this motivates them to behave in value-consistent ways
(Need to hold consistent attitudes)
Method 2: Confronting People with their Prejudiced Attitudes (Value Consistency, Self-Worth)
- Creates cognitive dissonance assuming people don’t want to be prejudiced (“you say you’re egalitarian, but what you’re actually doing is NOT egalitarian”)
- This could backfire because people don’t want to hear that they are prejudiced - Can lead to a double-down
(“oh I’m not racist!” then followed with a racist comment)
Peer Influence, Discussion, Dialogue
- Main idea: social norms are powerful (social norms: what behaviours/attitudes are seen as desirable, acceptable, “correct”)
- EX: You hear that members from your ingroup hold positive attitudes - motivated to adopt those attitudes
Peer Influence & Discussion - Poster Example
being exposed to a diversity poster at university resulted in significantly lower racist beliefs, more motivation to respond without prejudice, more likely to reject discrimination
2 Interventions Targeted at Social Norms - Peer Messengers:
- Peer messengers
a) Being silent in times of prejudice further normalizes it (BYSTANDER EFFECT)
b) Hearing testimonies from ingroup members about outgroupers or positive interactions with them
2 Interventions Targeted at Social Norms - Social pressure/social consensus:
a. Summaries of peer norms
b. Changing social norms changes the “rules” by which group members behave
i. Because we want to be good group members
ii. Norms about your friend’s behaviour
iii. VERSUS norms of what the group thinks about your friend’s behaviour
(DESCRIPTIVE VS. INJUNCTIVE)
2 Types of Social Norms
Descriptive & Injunctive
Descriptive Social Norms
- norms and beliefs about what other people do (or how people behave)
- EX: how many in-group members attend BLM
Injunctive Social Norms
- norms about what behaviours are approved
- context-independent, have a bigger effect on behaviour
- EX: whether or not it is okay to have outgroup friends
Social Categorization
- the process by which people categorize themselves and others into differentiated groups; questiostereotypingns if groups are important and how they lead to bias
2 approaches to social categorization
- Changing boundaries of in-group/outgroup
- Change the perception of the group
Changing in-group/outgroup boundaries (Social Categorization)
- Ingroup bias is now extended to the outgroup, who becomes part of the ingroup
- leverages in-group bias
PROBLEMS with changing in-group/outgroup boundaries (Social Categorization)
- How do you support a super-ordinate identity while fulfilling someone’s need for differentiation?
- How do you get people do relinquish their important “sub” identities for a broader “superordinate” identity?
Change the perception of the group (Social Categorization)
- STEREOTYPE = What you hold towards an outgroup
- META-STEREOTYPE = What stereotypes you think the outgroup has about your ingroup Leads to forecasting errors (incorrect assumptions)
Meta-Stereotypes (Change the perception of the group (Social Categorization))
- Positive Meta-Stereotypes: What do you think are some positive stereotypes about your group that people from the outgroup hold?
- Negative Meta-Stereotypes: What do you think are some negative stereotypes about your group that people from the other group hold?
Quantify Effect Size
- measure of effect size - how strong was the experimental manipulation b between 0 and no upper limit
What role does cooperation play in RGCT (Robber’s cave example)?
- Robber’s cave: when a conflict occurred that disadvantaged both groups, there was short-lived peace between them
- RGCT: group hatred/tension arises over (perceived) competition for scarce resources (money, power, status, land); Zero-sum (incompatible goals)
- Reduce conflict: positive, functional interdependence between two groups with superordinate goals
Contact & Race Relations in the US
- The idea that contact should be used to diminish racism & segregation was debated
- “…personal contacts may help to build understanding, appreciation, sympathy, and interest. Friendship between members of the races may help to prevent violence and rioting, or it may be used to help heal the wounds left by such a struggle”
Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice or increase conflict? (influenced by…) (7)
Williams: Contact will reduce prejudice but is influenced by…
- Relative status of the participants
- The social milieu
- Level of prior prejudice
- Duration of the contact
- Amount of competition
WILLIAMS: Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice or increase conflict? (works best when…) (5)
- Two groups with similar status
- Personal intimate climate
- Personal level, meaningful contact
- Defy group stereotypes
- Activity cuts across group lines (Something you both want to do)
Allport’s Contact Hypothesis
Prejudice (unless deeply rooted in the individual) may be reduced by EQUAL STATUS CONTACT between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals
Difference between Allport and Williams in terms of ways contact can reduce prejudice:
Equal Status (Allport) VS. Similar Status (Williams)
Allport’s conditions for contact to reduce prejudice:
- Equal status
- Work collaboratively
- Towards a common goal
- Sanctioned by authorities