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Finals > REB Embryology > Flashcards

REB Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

where do germ cells develop?

A

wall of yolk sac

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2
Q

when do germ cells begin migrating?

A

3 weeks

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3
Q

where does the early (indiffernt) gonad develop

A

on the urogenital ridge

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4
Q

where do germ cells migrate to?

A

genital ridge (specifically the primitive sex cords)

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5
Q

when do germ cells invade the gonad?

A

week 6

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6
Q

the urogenital ridge is covered by epithelial cells of what origin?

A

mesodermal

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7
Q

formation of primitive sex cords

A

the primitive sex cords extend from epithelium and penetrate into the ridge

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8
Q

which duct degenerates in females

A

mesonephric duct

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9
Q

which duct degenerates in males

A

paramesonephric duct

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10
Q

what duct forms the ductus (vas) deferens

A

mesonephric duct

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11
Q

what is the mullerian duct

A

paramesonephric duct

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12
Q

what is the wolffian duct

A

mesonephric duct

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13
Q

what duct invaginates the epithelium

A

paramesonephric duct

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14
Q

what is the determining factor of sex of the baby

A

Y chromosome
SDR (sex determining region)
protein product of SDR - testis determining factor

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15
Q

what is the effect of y influence on the medullary cord, cortical cords and the tunica albuginea

A

medullary cord develops (testis cord)
no cortical cords
thick tunica albuginea

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16
Q

passage of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules –> rete testis (network of tubules) –> efferent ductules –> epididymis –> ductus (vas) deferens –> base of bladder

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17
Q

connections of the rete testis cords develop between the

A

testis cords and the mesonephric cords

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18
Q

what structure does the seminiferous tubules arise from?

A

(horseshoe-shaped loops of) testis cords

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19
Q

what are the major cell types of the testis and what is their purpose in the development of the fetus

A

leydig cells - produce testosterone - mesonephric ducts stimulates (ductus deferens, epididymis formed)
sertoli cells - Mullerian inhibiting substance which causes the paramesonephric ducts to degenerate

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20
Q

what causes the paramesonephric ducts to degenerate

A

Mullerian inhibiting substance from sertoli cells of the testis

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21
Q

what structures are made from the mesonephric duct in males

A

epididymis
ductus deferens
runs to urethra

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22
Q

what structures are made from the paramesonephric duct in males

A

(small remnants)
appendix testis
prostatic utricle

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23
Q

what important structure is made by the mesonephric duct and is found in both males and females

A

ureteric buds

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24
Q

the mesonephric ducts come together at the posterior bladder wall and the ureteric buds extend to form ureters at the upper corners
these ducts form what structure/part of the bladder?

A

trigone

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25
Q

what is the significance of the growth pattern of the mesonephric duct in relation to the ureter in a male

A

the mesonephric duct loops around the ureter and enters the prostatic urethra (vas deferens and ejaculatory duct)

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26
Q

significance of the gubernaculum

A

mesenchymal cord attached to the lower pole of the gonad that ‘pulls’ the gonads down

27
Q

blood supply for the gonads

A

L1/2

28
Q

compare the end point of the descent of the gonads in males and females

A

males - down to scrotum (temperature control)

females - ends in the pelvis

29
Q

The spermatic cords follow the gonads which follow the gubernaculum. the gubernaculum eventually degenerates. where does the spermatic cord end up?

A

inguinal canal

30
Q

what is the anatomical relation of the processus vaginalis to the gubernaculum and the testis

A

anterior to the gubernaculum and the testis

31
Q

what is the processus vaginalis

A

evagination of the peritoneum

32
Q

what does the processus vaginalis persist as

A

tunica vaginalis

33
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes

34
Q

what are the possible sites of cryptorchidism

A

intra-abdominal
inguinal canal
ectopic (a place where it should not be)

35
Q

what is orchidopexy? when should it be done?

A

correction of cryptorchidism

6-12 months old

36
Q

when should the testes descend by?

A

3 months

37
Q

the patent (opening) of the processus vaginalis can lead to

A

congenital and indirect inguinal herniation

38
Q

what is a hydrocele. how is it identified?

A

collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis

transillumination (lights up with torch)

39
Q

what embryological structure does oogonia arise from? what does oogonia give rise to?

A

germ cells

primary oocytes

40
Q

what does the paramesonephric duct form?

A

uterine tube
uterus
cervix and upper vagina

41
Q

what are the remnants of the mesonephric duct is females?

A

small remnants in broad ligament
gartner’s cyst (may fill with fluid)
ureteric bud

42
Q

what part of the female reproductive organ is innervated by the deep perineal nerve?

A

lower vagina and hymen (structures from the vaginal plate)

43
Q

what structures are formed from the vaginal plate

A

lower vagina and hymen

44
Q

what part of the female reproductive organ is innervated by ANS?

A

above the lover vagina

basically the upper vagina, cervix and everything above

45
Q

what abnormal deformities can arise in the formation of the female reproductive organ?

A

lack of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts

atresia of one of the paramesonephric ducts

46
Q

what does the cloaca form

A 
urogenital sinus (bladder) anteriorly 
hindgut posteriorly
47
Q

what does the allantois form

A

obliterates to form the urachus

48
Q

what is the urachus

A

fibrous cord formed from the allantois which obliterates to form the median umbilical ligament, connecting the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus

49
Q

describe what abnormalities can arise from the incomplete obliteration of the urachus

A

urachal fistula - pee out of umbilicus
urachal cyst along the median umbilical ligament
urachal sinus - may or may not be connected to the bladder; opens at surface of umbilicus

50
Q

what does the genital tubercle form in males and in females

A

males - phallus which elongates

females - clitoris

51
Q

what anatomical structure does not fuse in the female and forms the labia minora but does fuse in a male to enclose the penile urethra

A

urethral fold

52
Q

what does the genital swellings form in males and in females

A

male - scrotal swelling –> scrotum

females - labia majora

53
Q

what embryological structure remains open to from the external opening of the vagina

A

urogenital groove (vestibule)

54
Q

the genital tubercle is larger in what gender in the early stages of development

A

females

55
Q

the uterine canal connects on the ___ aspect of the urogenital sinus

A

posterior

56
Q

explain the process of canalisation

A

sinovaginal bulbs connect the uterine canal to the posterior aspect of the urogenital sinus and the remnant membrane becomes the hymen

57
Q

what is hematocolpos

A

blood-filled dilated vagina due to menstrual blood not being able to escape as hymen has not proliferated

58
Q

the hymen is the embryological remnant of what structure

A

sinovaginal bulb at the point where it meets the urogenital sinus

59
Q

what is a urorectal or rectovaginal fistula

A

incomplete separation of hindgut from urorectal septum

60
Q

what is the external urethral meatus

A

invagination of epithelium at glans to from a urethral opening at tip of penis

61
Q

what is hypospadias

A

abnormal urethral openings on ventral surface

62
Q

what is epispadias and what other abnormality can it lead to?

A

urethra meatus found on dorsum of penis
genital tubercle forms in region of urorectal septum instead of cranial margin
can lead to bladder exstrophy (where bladder is exposed)

63
Q

explain male and female pseudohermaphroditism

A

female - has ovaries but too much androgen production (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
male - has testes but reduced androgen production or androgen insensitivity

Finals (17 decks)

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