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REB Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

where do germ cells develop?

A

wall of yolk sac

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2
Q

when do germ cells begin migrating?

A

3 weeks

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3
Q

where does the early (indiffernt) gonad develop

A

on the urogenital ridge

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4
Q

where do germ cells migrate to?

A

genital ridge (specifically the primitive sex cords)

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5
Q

when do germ cells invade the gonad?

A

week 6

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6
Q

the urogenital ridge is covered by epithelial cells of what origin?

A

mesodermal

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7
Q

formation of primitive sex cords

A

the primitive sex cords extend from epithelium and penetrate into the ridge

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8
Q

which duct degenerates in females

A

mesonephric duct

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9
Q

which duct degenerates in males

A

paramesonephric duct

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10
Q

what duct forms the ductus (vas) deferens

A

mesonephric duct

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11
Q

what is the mullerian duct

A

paramesonephric duct

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12
Q

what is the wolffian duct

A

mesonephric duct

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13
Q

what duct invaginates the epithelium

A

paramesonephric duct

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14
Q

what is the determining factor of sex of the baby

A

Y chromosome
SDR (sex determining region)
protein product of SDR - testis determining factor

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15
Q

what is the effect of y influence on the medullary cord, cortical cords and the tunica albuginea

A

medullary cord develops (testis cord)
no cortical cords
thick tunica albuginea

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16
Q

passage of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules –> rete testis (network of tubules) –> efferent ductules –> epididymis –> ductus (vas) deferens –> base of bladder

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17
Q

connections of the rete testis cords develop between the

A

testis cords and the mesonephric cords

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18
Q

what structure does the seminiferous tubules arise from?

A

(horseshoe-shaped loops of) testis cords

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19
Q

what are the major cell types of the testis and what is their purpose in the development of the fetus

A

leydig cells - produce testosterone - mesonephric ducts stimulates (ductus deferens, epididymis formed)
sertoli cells - Mullerian inhibiting substance which causes the paramesonephric ducts to degenerate

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20
Q

what causes the paramesonephric ducts to degenerate

A

Mullerian inhibiting substance from sertoli cells of the testis

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21
Q

what structures are made from the mesonephric duct in males

A

epididymis
ductus deferens
runs to urethra

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22
Q

what structures are made from the paramesonephric duct in males

A

(small remnants)
appendix testis
prostatic utricle

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23
Q

what important structure is made by the mesonephric duct and is found in both males and females

A

ureteric buds

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24
Q

the mesonephric ducts come together at the posterior bladder wall and the ureteric buds extend to form ureters at the upper corners
these ducts form what structure/part of the bladder?

A

trigone

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25
what is the significance of the growth pattern of the mesonephric duct in relation to the ureter in a male
the mesonephric duct loops around the ureter and enters the prostatic urethra (vas deferens and ejaculatory duct)
26
significance of the gubernaculum
mesenchymal cord attached to the lower pole of the gonad that 'pulls' the gonads down
27
blood supply for the gonads
L1/2
28
compare the end point of the descent of the gonads in males and females
males - down to scrotum (temperature control) | females - ends in the pelvis
29
The spermatic cords follow the gonads which follow the gubernaculum. the gubernaculum eventually degenerates. where does the spermatic cord end up?
inguinal canal
30
what is the anatomical relation of the processus vaginalis to the gubernaculum and the testis
anterior to the gubernaculum and the testis
31
what is the processus vaginalis
evagination of the peritoneum
32
what does the processus vaginalis persist as
tunica vaginalis
33
what is cryptorchidism
undescended testes
34
what are the possible sites of cryptorchidism
intra-abdominal inguinal canal ectopic (a place where it should not be)
35
what is orchidopexy? when should it be done?
correction of cryptorchidism | 6-12 months old
36
when should the testes descend by?
3 months
37
the patent (opening) of the processus vaginalis can lead to
congenital and indirect inguinal herniation
38
what is a hydrocele. how is it identified?
collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis | transillumination (lights up with torch)
39
what embryological structure does oogonia arise from? what does oogonia give rise to?
germ cells | primary oocytes
40
what does the paramesonephric duct form?
uterine tube uterus cervix and upper vagina
41
what are the remnants of the mesonephric duct is females?
small remnants in broad ligament gartner's cyst (may fill with fluid) ureteric bud
42
what part of the female reproductive organ is innervated by the deep perineal nerve?
lower vagina and hymen (structures from the vaginal plate)
43
what structures are formed from the vaginal plate
lower vagina and hymen
44
what part of the female reproductive organ is innervated by ANS?
above the lover vagina | basically the upper vagina, cervix and everything above
45
what abnormal deformities can arise in the formation of the female reproductive organ?
lack of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts | atresia of one of the paramesonephric ducts
46
what does the cloaca form
``` urogenital sinus (bladder) anteriorly hindgut posteriorly ```
47
what does the allantois form
obliterates to form the urachus
48
what is the urachus
fibrous cord formed from the allantois which obliterates to form the median umbilical ligament, connecting the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus
49
describe what abnormalities can arise from the incomplete obliteration of the urachus
urachal fistula - pee out of umbilicus urachal cyst along the median umbilical ligament urachal sinus - may or may not be connected to the bladder; opens at surface of umbilicus
50
what does the genital tubercle form in males and in females
males - phallus which elongates | females - clitoris
51
what anatomical structure does not fuse in the female and forms the labia minora but does fuse in a male to enclose the penile urethra
urethral fold
52
what does the genital swellings form in males and in females
male - scrotal swelling --> scrotum | females - labia majora
53
what embryological structure remains open to from the external opening of the vagina
urogenital groove (vestibule)
54
the genital tubercle is larger in what gender in the early stages of development
females
55
the uterine canal connects on the ___ aspect of the urogenital sinus
posterior
56
explain the process of canalisation
sinovaginal bulbs connect the uterine canal to the posterior aspect of the urogenital sinus and the remnant membrane becomes the hymen
57
what is hematocolpos
blood-filled dilated vagina due to menstrual blood not being able to escape as hymen has not proliferated
58
the hymen is the embryological remnant of what structure
sinovaginal bulb at the point where it meets the urogenital sinus
59
what is a urorectal or rectovaginal fistula
incomplete separation of hindgut from urorectal septum
60
what is the external urethral meatus
invagination of epithelium at glans to from a urethral opening at tip of penis
61
what is hypospadias
abnormal urethral openings on ventral surface
62
what is epispadias and what other abnormality can it lead to?
urethra meatus found on dorsum of penis genital tubercle forms in region of urorectal septum instead of cranial margin can lead to bladder exstrophy (where bladder is exposed)
63
explain male and female pseudohermaphroditism
female - has ovaries but too much androgen production (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) male - has testes but reduced androgen production or androgen insensitivity

Finals (17 decks)

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