Random Additions Flashcards
What are the imaging signs of cardiac tamponade
Enlarged cardiac silhouette
What is Beck’s triad
Distant heart sounds
Jugular distension
Hypotension
All signs of cardiac tamponade
What is a pulmonary meniscus sign
Sign of pleural effusion
What is a coin sign
Round light spot on CXR
May be calcified
Caused by tuberculosis, neoplasms, cysts, vascular anomalies
What are Kerley lines
Signs of disease such as pulmonary edema, lymphoma and other cancers, pneumonia
What is CO used to measure in the body
Oxygen diffusion capacity since CO doesn’t diffuse well but binds tightly
What A supplies the pericardium
Internal thoracic A —> pericardiacophrenic A
Where does fluid normally accumulate in the lungs
Costodiaphragmatic recess
What is respiratory quotient
CO2 produced/O2 consumed
What does the musculophrenic A supply
Anterior intercostal A to spaces 7-9 and diaphragm
What is the effect of adenosine
Vasodilator
When does renin increase
In response to increased movement
What is used for quiet breathing
Diaphragm only
What does the truncus arteriosus give rise to
Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
What does the bulbus cordis give rise to
Smooth parts of the R and L ventricle
What does the endocardial cushion give rise to
Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum, AV and semilunar valves
What does the primitive atrium give rise to
Trabeculated part of left and right atria
What does the primitive ventricle give rise to
Trabeculated part of the RV and LV
What does the primitive pulmonary vein give rise to
Smooth part of LA
What does the left horn of the sinus venosus give rise to
Coronary sinus
What does the right horn of the sinus venosus give rise to
Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
What does the right common cardinal V and the right anterior cardinal V give rise to
Superior vena cava
What is the general order of formation of the atrial wall
- Septum primum grows in and forms and narrows the foramen primum
- Septum secundum grows down and stops closer to top of heart
- Septum primum forms the foramen ovale
What are associated with problems of the neural cells to migrate
Transposition of the great vessels, tetralogy of fallot, persistent truncus arteriosus
Where does blood enter the fetus
Ductus venosus into the inferior vena cava
Enlargement of what heart portion can cause dysphagia
LA; presses on the left recurrent laryngeal
What is phase 0 dominated by
Movement of Na
What is phase 1
Initial repolarization
What happens in phase 2
Ca influx and continued K efflux causing repolarization to stall
What is phase 3
Rapid repolarization because slow v-gated K channels open
What is phase 4
Resting potential
What are the 5 T that cause R to L shunting
Truncus arteriosus Transposition of great vessels Tricuspid atresia Tetralogy of fallot TAPVR (total anomalous pulmonary venous return)
What are the symptoms of tetralogy of fallot
PROVe Pulmonary stenosis Right ventricle hypertrophy Overriding aorta Vsd
What are the L to R shunts
VSD>ASD>PDA
What are the symptoms of VSD
Increased O2 in RV and pulmonary A
What is eisenmenger syndrome
L-> R shunting from uncorrected L->R shunt and then RV hypertrophy and then R->L shunting
Late cyanosis, clubbing of fingers, polycythemia
What can rubella in mom lead to
PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis, and septal defects
What can LHF lead to
Orthopnea (SOB while supine)
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Pulmonary edema
What can RHF lead to
Hepatomegaly
Jugular venous distention
Peripheral edema
Where do you hear ASD
S2 sound
What is down syndrome linked with
ASD VSD
What is tetralogy of fallot linked to
DiGeorge Syndrome or 22q11 deletion
What is coarction of the aorta linked to
Turner syndrome
What is aortic atresia linked to
Marfans
What is a mother with diabetes mellitus linked to
Transposition of great A
Errors in what stage of lung development lead to tracheoesophageal atresia
Embryonic
Where does the inferior vena cava, esophagus, and aorta pierce the diaphragm
T8, T10, T12
I 8 10 Eggs At 12
What increases the compliance of lungs
Emphysema and aging
What decreases compliance
Pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, RDS, pulmonary edema
Surfactant increases compliance
What causes right shifts
ACE BATs right handed (when these increase you get a right shift causing decreased O2 affinity) Acid CO2 Exercise 2,3 Bpg Altitude Temperature
What makes the R main bronchus more likely to get stuff stuck in
Shorter length of R main bronchus
What is the cupola
Apex of lung above first rib
What has a 1 nerve connection from sympathetics
Nictonics to adrenal gland
Which has a long preganglionic? Short preganglionic?
Parasympathetic; sympathetic
What is the first area of the lung without cartilage
Bronchiole
What has a flattened mesothelium and has extensive lymphatic channels
Visceral pleura
What is polymastia
Supernumerary breasts
What is polythelia
Acessory nipples
Enlargement of the breast in men
Could be a symptom of suprarenal or testicular cancer
