Lecture 6 - Heart Anatomy

Question 1

What splits the mediastinal compartment into superior mediastinal

Answer 1

The bottom of the bottom of the manubrium

Question 2

What level is the bottom of the manubrium

Answer 2

T5

Question 3

The transition point between the xiphoid process and body of the sternum is at what spinal level? What is the portion of the mediastinum below this level

Answer 3

T9; inferior

Question 4

What nerve innervates the pericardium and what motor innervation does it have

Answer 4

Phrenic; diaphragm

Question 5

During cardiac tamponade what A is leaking

Answer 5

Pericardiophrenic A fills the pericardium

Question 6

What are the symptoms of cardiac tamponade

Answer 6

Pressure collapses the venous return

• shock
• distension of v
• low arterial BP
• distant heart sounds

Question 7

What is the treatment for cardiac tamponade

Answer 7

Pericardiosentesis; needle into apex area of pericardium

Question 8

Where is the transverse sinus

Answer 8

Posterior to aorta and pulmonary artery and anterior to vena cava

Question 9

Where is the oblique pericardial sinus

Answer 9

Space between the left and right pulmonary v; inferiorly opens into to pericardium

Question 10

What are the pericardial layers

Answer 10

There is a outermost fibrous later inside that is a serous layer, on the outer surface of the heart is a serous layer

Question 11

Where is the apex of the heart normally

Answer 11

5th intercostal

Question 12

Where is the heart normally

Answer 12

It is slightly twisted causing it to primarily be on the left side

Question 13

What is the atrioventricular groove

Answer 13

A groove that separates the 2 atrium from the 2 ventricles; also called the coronary groove

Question 14

What separates the two ventricles

Answer 14

Anterior interventrical groove; there is also a posterior interventricular groove

Question 15

What runs in the anterior interventricular groove

Answer 15

Left coronary A and great cardiac V

Question 16

What runs in the posterior interventricular groove

Answer 16

Posterior interventricular A and middle cardiac V

Question 17

What runs in the coronary groove

Answer 17

Coronary sinus, main vein draining heart

Question 18

Where do the superior vena cava and aorta branch

Answer 18

Around the 1st rib

Question 19

What is the LAD known as

Answer 19

Left anterior descending A or Anterior interventricular A

Question 20

What A penetrates the heart

Answer 20

Atrioventricular nodal A

Question 21

Pathology of the LAD can affect what structure of the heart

Answer 21

Bundle of His

Question 22

What node is the pacemaker

Answer 22

SA node

Question 23

What does the sinuatrial nodal A branch off of

Answer 23

Right coronary A

Question 24

What is the most prominent A of the right coronary A

Answer 24

Right marginal A

Question 25

What does the right marginal A terminate as

Answer 25

Posterior interventricular A

Question 26

What does the left coronary A branch into

Answer 26

Circumflex A and LAD

Question 27

A balanced heart happens in ____% of individuals

Answer 27

30

Question 28

What is different in left dominant heart

Answer 28

Posterior branch comes off the circumflex A

Question 29

Abnormal origin of the circumflex branch, where does it come off ofl?

Answer 29

Left circumflex comes off the R coronary A

Question 30

What do the cardiac veins drain into

Answer 30

Coronary sinus

Question 31

What veins drain straight into the RA

Answer 31

Anterior cardiac V

Question 32

What is given for angina pectoralis

Answer 32

Nitroglycerin; this is chest pain

Question 33

What is a thrombus? What is a embolism?

Answer 33

Blood clot; dislodged thrombus or plaque

Question 34

What is the adult feature of the foramen ovale? What did it used to do

Answer 34

Fossa ovalis; connect RA to LA

Question 35

Where is the tricuspid valve

Answer 35

Between RA and RV

Question 36

What closes the valves of the heart

Answer 36

Papillary muscles pulling on chorda tendinae

Question 37

What is the septal marginal trabeculae?

Answer 37

Regulatory band; RV structure that keeps the heart from overexpanding and carries bundle branches to the RV

Question 38

Where is the mitral valve?

Answer 38

Also called bicupid valve; between LA and LV

Question 39

What kind of CT is the cardiac skeleton

Answer 39

Dense irregular CT

Question 40

What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton

Answer 40

- insulator between atrial and ventricular contractions - holds valves in place - origin and insertions for cardiac muscles

Question 41

Where do the coronary arteries originate

Answer 41

Outside the left semilunar valve; they fill during diastole

Question 42

Where is the best site to listen to the aortic semilunar valve

Answer 42

R 2nd intercostal

Question 43

Where is the best place to listen to the pulmonary semilunar

Answer 43

L 2nd intercostal space

Question 44

Where is the best place to listen to the mitral valve

Answer 44

L 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicle

Question 45

Where is the best place to listen to the tricuspid valve

Answer 45

R 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicle

Question 46

What coronary A block would affect the AV node

Answer 46

R

Question 47

What is the cause of fibrillation

Answer 47

Ischemia causes extracellular K

Question 48

Sympathetic preganglion cells are found where

Answer 48

Paravertebral

Question 49

Cardiac innervation for sympathetic is from where

Answer 49

T1-T4/5

Question 50

What postganglionic neurons are innervating the heart

Answer 50

Superior cervical ganglia, and middle/inferior ganglia, and thoracic ganglia

Question 51

What are the parasympathetic fibers for the heart

Answer 51

Preganglionic fibers from vagus; superior/inferior cervical and thoracic and recurrent branches

Question 52

Where does metabolic pain from the heart get referred to and from what

Answer 52

T1-4

Question 53

If the sympathetics are cut to the heart, as they are in a CABG, what are some side effects

Answer 53

Heart takes longer to respond