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Need To Recall > Radio > Flashcards

Radio Flashcards

1
Q

Father of x rays (when)

A

Wilhem Conrad Roentgen (November 8, 1895)

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2
Q

Made the first dental radiograph using his own teeth

A

Otto Walkhoff (1896) -25mins naging kalbo

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3
Q

First dental radiograph using a skull

A

William J. Morton

William T.G. Morton - inhaled ether as anes

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4
Q

First dental radiograph using a live patient

A

Charles Edmund Kells Jr.

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5
Q

Designed first dental xray unit

A

William H. Rollins

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6
Q

First hot cathode x ray tube

A

William D. Coolidge

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7
Q

First paper regarding the dangers associated with radiation

A

William H. Rollins

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8
Q

First pre-wrapped dental films

A

Eastman Kodak Company

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9
Q

Redefined bisecting technique

A

Howard Riley Raper

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10
Q

Introduced long cone paralleling method

A

Gordon Fitzgerald

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11
Q

First to discover nitrous oxide as anes

A

Horace Wells

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12
Q

Suggested the term anesthesia

A

Oliver wendell holmes

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13
Q

Introduced chloroform as anesthetics

A

James Young Simpson

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14
Q

First to perform surgery using ether

A

Crawford Long

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15
Q

First to isolate cocaine

A

Albert Nieman

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16
Q

Ophthalmologist who used topical cocaine as anes in eye surgery

A

Karl Koller

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17
Q

First to synthesize Procaine

A

Alfred Einhorn

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18
Q

First to synthesize Lidocaine

A

Nils Lofgren

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19
Q

Process of converting atoms into ions

A

Ionization

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20
Q

Radiation that can overcome the energy required to add or remove electrons of an atom

A

Ionizing radiation (xray and gamma)

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21
Q

2 types of ionizing radiation

A

Particulate radiation (tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight line at high speed)
Electromagnetic radiation (move through space as both particle and wave)

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22
Q

Xray velocity

A

Speed of light (300,000 km/s or 186,000 miles/s)

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23
Q

Important property of xray in terms of wavelength and frequency

A

Short wavelength = high frequency = more penetrating capabilities

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24
Q

Path of travel of xrays

A

Straight line can be deflected/scattered

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25
Q

Mass and charge of xrays

A

No mass, no charge

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26
Q

Focusing capability of xrays

A

Cannot be focused to a point and always diverge from a point

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27
Q

Absorption property of xrays

A

Can be absorbed by matter

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28
Q

Ionizing capability of xrays

A

Can cause substances to fluoresce or emit radiation

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29
Q

Basic component of a dental x ray machine

A

Control panel, extension arm, x ray tubehead

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30
Q

Protects the xray tube and transformers

A

Metal housing filled with oil

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31
Q

Function of insulating oil

A

Aids in filtration of xray
Absorbs heat generated during production of xray

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32
Q

Aluminum or leaded glass covering of the tubehead that permits the exit of xrays to the tubehead

A

Tubehead seal acts as a filter to the xray beam

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33
Q

Thickness of aluminum disks placed in the path of the xray beam

A

0.5mm thick

Filter out non penetrating, longer wavelength xrays
Aluminum: filter, lead: deflect

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34
Q

Restricts and reshapes the size of the xray beam

A

Lead collimator
Has two shapes: rectangular (less excess radiation)&raquo_space; round (less cone cut)

*Does not filter**

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35
Q

Length of position - indicating device (PID)

A

8 and 16 inches
Aims and shapes the xray beam

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36
Q

Leaded-glass vacuum tube that prevents xrays from escaping in all directions but contains a window to permit xray beam to exit

A

Lead-glass housing

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37
Q

Supplies the electrons necessary to generate xrays

A

Cathode
1. tungsten filament (coiled wire)
2. molybdenum cup (concave reflector focuses into a narrow beam and directs to target of anode)

38
Q

Converts electrons to xray photons

A

Anode
1. Copper stem (dissipate heat away from tungsten target)
2. Tungsten target (converts e- to xray photons and contains focal spot)

39
Q

Area on the target to which the focusing cup directs the electrons and from which xrays are produced

A

Focal spot

Smaller FS = sharper radio image
*Placed at an angle

40
Q

Actual size of focal spot

A

1mm x 3mm
Or
0.6mm - 1.0mm

41
Q

Why tungsten (W)

A

High melting temp, high atomic number

42
Q

Prevents oxidation or burnout of filament

A

Vacuum tube

43
Q

Filament circuit volts

A

3-5 volts
*Regulates the flow of electrical current to the tungsten filament
Controlled by mA settings

44
Q

High voltage circuit volts

A

65,000 to 100,000 volts
*Voltage to accelerate electrons and generate xrays
Controlled by kilovoltage peak (kvp) settings

45
Q

Determines quantity of xray produced

A

Milliamperage
Also controls the temp of the tungsten filament
High mA = increase darkness of film

46
Q

Determines the quality of xray produced

A

Kilovoltage
Controls speed and energy of electrons
**INC kilovoltage = INC darkness = INC long scale contrast

47
Q

Difference in degree of blackness

A

Contrast
*High or low (many shades of gray)

48
Q

Range of useful densities on a dental radiograph

A

Scale of contrast
*Short-scale (2 densities) and long-scale (many densities)

49
Q

Device used to either increase or decrease voltage

A

Transformers
*Step down - for tungsten filament
*Step up
*Autotransformer - corrects minor fluctuations

50
Q

Process of heating up the tungsten filament to form electron cloud

A

Thermionic emission

51
Q

Percentage of energy that will become the actual xray vs heat

A

1% xray
99% heat

52
Q

Dissipates heat

A

Copper stem, insulating oil

53
Q

Filtration of xray

A

Leaded glass window of xray tube, Insulating oil, tubehead seal (aluminum), aluminum disk

54
Q

Ideal milliamperage for dental xray machine

A

7-15 mA
*Quantity and heating of filament

55
Q

Ideal tube voltage for dental xray machine

A

70kvp
*Quality
*Penetrating ability (together with mA)

56
Q

Thickness of aluminum disk for > 70 kvp and < 70 kvp

A

0.5mm to 2.0mm

Less than 70 = 1.5mm
More than 70 = 2.5mm

57
Q

Relationship of intensity of beam to the distance from the source

A

Inverse square law
I1/I2 = (d2)^2 / (d1)^2

58
Q

Thickness of an absorber required to reduce one half the number of xray photons passing through it

A

Half-value layer
MEASURES quality of xray beam emitted from the xray tube

59
Q

Reaction of free radical with other free radicals vs ordinary molecules

A

Free rad + free rad = no damage
Free rad + ordinary molecule = hydrogen peroxide

60
Q

Occurs when an x-ray ionizes water

A

Free radical formation = H+ (hydrogen) and OH- (hydroxyl)

61
Q

Theories of radiation injury

A

Direct damage theory = direct hit nucleus/within the cell

Indirect damage theory = absorbed within cell and forms toxins (H2O2) –> damage cell

62
Q

Biologic effects of radiation

A

Stochastic effect
= sublethal radiation-induced damage to DNA
= No minimum threshold levels
Deterministic effect
= Effects when exposure exceeds threshold level
= More exposure, greater chance of cell killing

63
Q

Radiotherapy: stochastic or deterministic

A

Deterministic

64
Q

Law stating that radiosensitivity is directly proportional to the mitotic activity and inversely proportional to degree of differentiation of cell

A

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

65
Q

Most radioresistant and most radiosensitive biologic tissue

A

Muscle - resistant (neurons, lens of eyes, mature bone)
Lymphoid organs - sensitive (high: one marrow, epithelium, mucous membrane, gonads, intestines)

66
Q

Effects of radiation to oral cavity

A
  1. Mucositis (increased risk for **candidiasis)
  2. Loss of taste acuity
  3. Loss of salivary secretion (xerostomia)
  4. Anodontia (before calcification of teeth)
  5. Malformation/arrested growth (after calcification)
  6. Increase viscosity, decreased pH
  7. Increase in s. mutans, lactobacillus, candida
67
Q

When can you see Radiation effects? Recovery?

A

After two weeks effects
After two months recovery

68
Q

Management of radiation caries

A

Topical 1% NaF
Avoid Dietary sucrose
Resto
Excellent OHI

69
Q

Most serious clinical complication that occurs in bone after irradiation

A

Osteoradionecrosis -damage to vasculature of periosteum and cortical bone

Vessels: radiosensitive
Bone: radioresistant

70
Q

BRONJ pathophysio

A

Bisphosphonate affects osteoclast -> no bone resorption -> decrease/occlusion of vasculature

71
Q

In BRONJ, bone is exposed for?

A

8 weeks
No history of radiotherapy
Px takes/has taken bisphosphonate

72
Q

Personnel protection for radiation safety

A

Distance: 6ft away from tubehead
Position: 90-135 degree angle to the beam
Shielding

73
Q

Provides proper degree of flexibility of film

A

Film base (polyester)

74
Q

Serves to attach the emulsion to the base

A

Adhesive layer

75
Q

Used to suspend and evenly disperse silver halide crystals in film

A

Emulsion
Serves to absorb the processing solutions and allow the chemical to react with the silver halide

76
Q

2 types of silver halide

A

Silver bromide (98%)
Silver iodine (2%)

77
Q

Film speed is determined by?

A

Size of the halide crystals
Bigger crystals - faster film - lesser exposure - lesse image resolution

78
Q

Device that transforms xray energy to visible light to expose the screen films

A

Intensifying screens

Calcium tungstate - blue light
Rare earth - green light

79
Q

Size of periapical xray

A

0 - 22x35mm - pedia
1 - 24x40mm - anterior (adult), bitewing (pedia)
2 - 31x41mm - all areas (adult)

80
Q

Size of occlusal film for mx and md jaw

A

4 - 57x76mm - mx or md jaw

81
Q

Size of bitewing film

A

0 (22x35mm) - anterior of pedo
1 (24x40mm) - anterior adult, posterior pedia
2 (31x41mm) - posterior of adult
3 (27x54mm) - all posteriors in one side

82
Q

Size of extraoral films

A

Panoramic (5x12 inches)
Cephalometric (5x7 inches)

83
Q

component of developer that brings out the contrast

A

hydroquinone - reducing agent

84
Q

component of developer that brings out shades of gray

A

Elon - reducing agent

85
Q

preservative of developer

A

sodium sulfite

86
Q

component of developer that softens the emulsion

A

sodium - carbonate - accelator/activator

87
Q

component of developer that prevents the development of unexposed crystals

A

potassium bromide - restrainer, anti-fog

88
Q

component of fixer that clears unexposed crystals

A

sodium/ammonium thiosulfate - fixing agent

89
Q

preservative of fixer

A

sodium sulfite - prevents deterioration

90
Q

component of fixer that neutralizes basic developer

A

acetic acid - acidifier

91
Q

component of fixer that shrinks and hardens emulsion

A

potassium alum

92
Q

Most commonly used sensor for digital radio

A

Charge-coupled device - silicon baded

Others:
Photostimulable phospor
Flat panel detectors:
Direct flat panel - made up of selenium
Indirect flat panel - made up of cesium iodide or gadolinium oxysulfide

Need To Recall (19 decks)

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