Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Need To Recall > Radio > Flashcards

Radio Flashcards

1
Q

Father of x rays (when)

A

Wilhem Conrad Roentgen (November 8, 1895)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Made the first dental radiograph using his own teeth

A

Otto Walkhoff (1896) -25mins naging kalbo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

First dental radiograph using a skull

A

William J. Morton

William T.G. Morton - inhaled ether as anes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

First dental radiograph using a live patient

A

Charles Edmund Kells Jr.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Designed first dental xray unit

A

William H. Rollins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

First hot cathode x ray tube

A

William D. Coolidge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

First paper regarding the dangers associated with radiation

A

William H. Rollins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

First pre-wrapped dental films

A

Eastman Kodak Company

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Redefined bisecting technique

A

Howard Riley Raper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Introduced long cone paralleling method

A

Gordon Fitzgerald

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

First to discover nitrous oxide as anes

A

Horace Wells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Suggested the term anesthesia

A

Oliver wendell holmes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Introduced chloroform as anesthetics

A

James Young Simpson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

First to perform surgery using ether

A

Crawford Long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

First to isolate cocaine

A

Albert Nieman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ophthalmologist who used topical cocaine as anes in eye surgery

A

Karl Koller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

First to synthesize Procaine

A

Alfred Einhorn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

First to synthesize Lidocaine

A

Nils Lofgren

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Process of converting atoms into ions

A

Ionization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Radiation that can overcome the energy required to add or remove electrons of an atom

A

Ionizing radiation (xray and gamma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 types of ionizing radiation

A

Particulate radiation (tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight line at high speed)
Electromagnetic radiation (move through space as both particle and wave)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Xray velocity

A

Speed of light (300,000 km/s or 186,000 miles/s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Important property of xray in terms of wavelength and frequency

A

Short wavelength = high frequency = more penetrating capabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Path of travel of xrays

A

Straight line can be deflected/scattered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mass and charge of xrays

A

No mass, no charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Focusing capability of xrays

A

Cannot be focused to a point and always diverge from a point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Absorption property of xrays

A

Can be absorbed by matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ionizing capability of xrays

A

Can cause substances to fluoresce or emit radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Basic component of a dental x ray machine

A

Control panel, extension arm, x ray tubehead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Protects the xray tube and transformers

A

Metal housing filled with oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Function of insulating oil

A

Aids in filtration of xray
Absorbs heat generated during production of xray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Aluminum or leaded glass covering of the tubehead that permits the exit of xrays to the tubehead

A

Tubehead seal acts as a filter to the xray beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Thickness of aluminum disks placed in the path of the xray beam

A

0.5mm thick

Filter out non penetrating, longer wavelength xrays
Aluminum: filter, lead: deflect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Restricts and reshapes the size of the xray beam

A

Lead collimator
Has two shapes: rectangular (less excess radiation)&raquo_space; round (less cone cut)

*Does not filter**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Length of position - indicating device (PID)

A

8 and 16 inches
Aims and shapes the xray beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Leaded-glass vacuum tube that prevents xrays from escaping in all directions but contains a window to permit xray beam to exit

A

Lead-glass housing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Supplies the electrons necessary to generate xrays

A

Cathode
1. tungsten filament (coiled wire)
2. molybdenum cup (concave reflector focuses into a narrow beam and directs to target of anode)

38
Q

Converts electrons to xray photons

A

Anode
1. Copper stem (dissipate heat away from tungsten target)
2. Tungsten target (converts e- to xray photons and contains focal spot)

39
Q

Area on the target to which the focusing cup directs the electrons and from which xrays are produced

A

Focal spot

Smaller FS = sharper radio image
*Placed at an angle

40
Q

Actual size of focal spot

A

1mm x 3mm
Or
0.6mm - 1.0mm

41
Q

Why tungsten (W)

A

High melting temp, high atomic number

42
Q

Prevents oxidation or burnout of filament

A

Vacuum tube

43
Q

Filament circuit volts

A

3-5 volts
*Regulates the flow of electrical current to the tungsten filament
Controlled by mA settings

44
Q

High voltage circuit volts

A

65,000 to 100,000 volts
*Voltage to accelerate electrons and generate xrays
Controlled by kilovoltage peak (kvp) settings

45
Q

Determines quantity of xray produced

A

Milliamperage
Also controls the temp of the tungsten filament
High mA = increase darkness of film

46
Q

Determines the quality of xray produced

A

Kilovoltage
Controls speed and energy of electrons
**INC kilovoltage = INC darkness = INC long scale contrast

47
Q

Difference in degree of blackness

A

Contrast
*High or low (many shades of gray)

48
Q

Range of useful densities on a dental radiograph

A

Scale of contrast
*Short-scale (2 densities) and long-scale (many densities)

49
Q

Device used to either increase or decrease voltage

A

Transformers
*Step down - for tungsten filament
*Step up
*Autotransformer - corrects minor fluctuations

50
Q

Process of heating up the tungsten filament to form electron cloud

A

Thermionic emission

51
Q

Percentage of energy that will become the actual xray vs heat

A

1% xray
99% heat

52
Q

Dissipates heat

A

Copper stem, insulating oil

53
Q

Filtration of xray

A

Leaded glass window of xray tube, Insulating oil, tubehead seal (aluminum), aluminum disk

54
Q

Ideal milliamperage for dental xray machine

A

7-15 mA
*Quantity and heating of filament

55
Q

Ideal tube voltage for dental xray machine

A

70kvp
*Quality
*Penetrating ability (together with mA)

56
Q

Thickness of aluminum disk for > 70 kvp and < 70 kvp

A

0.5mm to 2.0mm

Less than 70 = 1.5mm
More than 70 = 2.5mm

57
Q

Relationship of intensity of beam to the distance from the source

A

Inverse square law
I1/I2 = (d2)^2 / (d1)^2

58
Q

Thickness of an absorber required to reduce one half the number of xray photons passing through it

A

Half-value layer
MEASURES quality of xray beam emitted from the xray tube

59
Q

Reaction of free radical with other free radicals vs ordinary molecules

A

Free rad + free rad = no damage
Free rad + ordinary molecule = hydrogen peroxide

60
Q

Occurs when an x-ray ionizes water

A

Free radical formation = H+ (hydrogen) and OH- (hydroxyl)

61
Q

Theories of radiation injury

A

Direct damage theory = direct hit nucleus/within the cell

Indirect damage theory = absorbed within cell and forms toxins (H2O2) –> damage cell

62
Q

Biologic effects of radiation

A

Stochastic effect
= sublethal radiation-induced damage to DNA
= No minimum threshold levels
Deterministic effect
= Effects when exposure exceeds threshold level
= More exposure, greater chance of cell killing

63
Q

Radiotherapy: stochastic or deterministic

A

Deterministic

64
Q

Law stating that radiosensitivity is directly proportional to the mitotic activity and inversely proportional to degree of differentiation of cell

A

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

65
Q

Most radioresistant and most radiosensitive biologic tissue

A

Muscle - resistant (neurons, lens of eyes, mature bone)
Lymphoid organs - sensitive (high: one marrow, epithelium, mucous membrane, gonads, intestines)

66
Q

Effects of radiation to oral cavity

A
  1. Mucositis (increased risk for **candidiasis)
  2. Loss of taste acuity
  3. Loss of salivary secretion (xerostomia)
  4. Anodontia (before calcification of teeth)
  5. Malformation/arrested growth (after calcification)
  6. Increase viscosity, decreased pH
  7. Increase in s. mutans, lactobacillus, candida
67
Q

When can you see Radiation effects? Recovery?

A

After two weeks effects
After two months recovery

68
Q

Management of radiation caries

A

Topical 1% NaF
Avoid Dietary sucrose
Resto
Excellent OHI

69
Q

Most serious clinical complication that occurs in bone after irradiation

A

Osteoradionecrosis -damage to vasculature of periosteum and cortical bone

Vessels: radiosensitive
Bone: radioresistant

70
Q

BRONJ pathophysio

A

Bisphosphonate affects osteoclast -> no bone resorption -> decrease/occlusion of vasculature

71
Q

In BRONJ, bone is exposed for?

A

8 weeks
No history of radiotherapy
Px takes/has taken bisphosphonate

72
Q

Personnel protection for radiation safety

A

Distance: 6ft away from tubehead
Position: 90-135 degree angle to the beam
Shielding

73
Q

Provides proper degree of flexibility of film

A

Film base (polyester)

74
Q

Serves to attach the emulsion to the base

A

Adhesive layer

75
Q

Used to suspend and evenly disperse silver halide crystals in film

A

Emulsion
Serves to absorb the processing solutions and allow the chemical to react with the silver halide

76
Q

2 types of silver halide

A

Silver bromide (98%)
Silver iodine (2%)

77
Q

Film speed is determined by?

A

Size of the halide crystals
Bigger crystals - faster film - lesser exposure - lesse image resolution

78
Q

Device that transforms xray energy to visible light to expose the screen films

A

Intensifying screens

Calcium tungstate - blue light
Rare earth - green light

79
Q

Size of periapical xray

A

0 - 22x35mm - pedia
1 - 24x40mm - anterior (adult), bitewing (pedia)
2 - 31x41mm - all areas (adult)

80
Q

Size of occlusal film for mx and md jaw

A

4 - 57x76mm - mx or md jaw

81
Q

Size of bitewing film

A

0 (22x35mm) - anterior of pedo
1 (24x40mm) - anterior adult, posterior pedia
2 (31x41mm) - posterior of adult
3 (27x54mm) - all posteriors in one side

82
Q

Size of extraoral films

A

Panoramic (5x12 inches)
Cephalometric (5x7 inches)

83
Q

component of developer that brings out the contrast

A

hydroquinone - reducing agent

84
Q

component of developer that brings out shades of gray

A

Elon - reducing agent

85
Q

preservative of developer

A

sodium sulfite

86
Q

component of developer that softens the emulsion

A

sodium - carbonate - accelator/activator

87
Q

component of developer that prevents the development of unexposed crystals

A

potassium bromide - restrainer, anti-fog

88
Q

component of fixer that clears unexposed crystals

A

sodium/ammonium thiosulfate - fixing agent

89
Q

preservative of fixer

A

sodium sulfite - prevents deterioration

90
Q

component of fixer that neutralizes basic developer

A

acetic acid - acidifier

91
Q

component of fixer that shrinks and hardens emulsion

A

potassium alum

92
Q

Most commonly used sensor for digital radio

A

Charge-coupled device - silicon baded

Others:
Photostimulable phospor
Flat panel detectors:
Direct flat panel - made up of selenium
Indirect flat panel - made up of cesium iodide or gadolinium oxysulfide

Need To Recall (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions