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Microochenes Flashcards

1
Q

Virus: Oral hairy leukoplakia in HIV infected

A

Epstain barr virus

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2
Q

bacteria most associated with acute bacterial endocarditis

A

staph aureus

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3
Q

bacteria most associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis

A

strep viridans

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4
Q

primary bacteria for dental caries in enamel, dentin, and root surfaces?

A

enamel - strep mutans
dentin - lactobacillus acidophilus or lactobacillus casei
root - actinomyces viscosus

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5
Q

bacteria: 1st colonizer of plaque

A

strep sanguis (alpha hemolytic)

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6
Q

bacteria: 1st colonizer of oral cavity

A

strep salivarius (alpha hemolytic)

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7
Q

most common cause of food poisoning

A

staph aureus

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8
Q

Babes-Ernst granules

A

red metachromic granules seen in Corynebacterium (gram +)
Hx: Chinese characters or club-shaped

note: diphtheria
B(abes) C D E(rnst)

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9
Q

causes whooping cough or high pitched sound when inhaling

A

Bordatella pertussis (gram +)

pertussis

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10
Q

bacteria exhibiting tumbling motility and umbrella shape

A

Listeria monocytogenes (gram +)

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11
Q

partly gram positive, partly acid fast bacteria

A

Nocardia (N. asteroides)

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12
Q

gram positive spore forming bacteria

A

bacillus -obligate aerobe
clostridium -obligate anaerobe

endospores —> resting cell (unfavorable condition) —> vegetative/active cell (favorable)

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13
Q

primarily a disease of herbivores though humans can be infected by contact with infected animals? other name?

A

caused bacillus antracis

anthrax aka wool-sorter’s disease

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14
Q

causes pseudomembranous colitis

A

overgrowth of C. difficile (normal GI flora) because of Clindamycin

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15
Q

associated with food poisoning which causes gas gangrene

A

C. perfringes (gram +, obligate anaerobe)

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16
Q

results to muscle paralysis or muscle relaxation

A

botilinum toxin (C. botilinum) gram + obligate anaerobe

*Curare
*Succinylcholine

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17
Q

results to muscle spasm due to EXCITATION of neurons

A

tetanus toxins from C. tetani(gram +, obligate anaerobe)

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18
Q

most commonly encountered actinomyces

A

actinomyces israelii (gram +)

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19
Q

Bacteria Associated with root surface caries

A

Actinomyces viscosus (gram +)

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20
Q

Bacteria Associated with dentital caries

A

Lactobacillus acidophilis/casei (gram +)

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21
Q

Meningitis in young adult

A

Neisseria meningitidis (gram -)

Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

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22
Q

Meningitis in neonates

A
  1. Escherichia coli
    -causes cystitis, traveller’s diarrhea (montezuma’s revenge)
  2. S. agalactiae
  3. Listeria
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23
Q

Causes meningitis in infants and children

A

Haemophilus influenza (gram -)

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24
Q

Meningitis in old adults

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram +)
-causes bacterial pneumonia

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25
Q

Causative agent of syphilis?
Stages of syphilis and presentation?

A

Treponema pallidum (spirochetes, gram -)
Primary - chancre sores
Secondary - white mucous patches (condyloma lata)
Tertiary - gummatous necrosis

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26
Q

Causative agent of Vincent’s disease

A

Treponema denticola (spirochetes, gram -) -causes periodontal disease

Vincent’s= trench mouth/NUG

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27
Q

Causative agent of Weil’s disease

A

Weil = rat fever = leptospirosis

Leptospira (spirochetes, gram -) -establishes in the liver and kidney

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28
Q

Most common gram - bacteria associated with nosocomial infections

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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29
Q

Bacteriodes are re-classified into

A

Prevotella
Porphyromonas

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30
Q

Gram (-) obligate intracellular parasites

A

Rickettsia
Chlamydia (most common STD)

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31
Q

Causative of Louse-borne/epidemic typhus

A

R. Prowazekii (human lice)
Gram -

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32
Q

Causative of murine/endemic typhus

A

R. typhi (fleas)
Gram -

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33
Q

Causative of rocky mountain spotted fever

A

R. rickettsia (ticks)
Gram -

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34
Q

Produces red pigment when cultured. It causes UTI

A

Serratia marcescens

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35
Q

Causative agent of bubonic plague or black death disease

A

Yersinia pestis (gram -)

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36
Q

Causative agent of typhoid fever

A

Salmonella typhi

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37
Q

Causative agent of peptic ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori (gram -)

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38
Q

Causative agent of cholera (watery diarrhea)

A

Vibrio cholera (gram -)

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39
Q

Causative agent of shigellosis (bloody diarrhea)

A

Shigella dysenteriae (gram -)

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40
Q

Causative agent of amoebiasis (bloody stool)

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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41
Q

Stays dormant in the phagocyte

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis -causes tuberculosis

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42
Q

Causes Hansen’s disease

A

Aka Leprosy / ketong

Mycobacterium leprae

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43
Q

Causes infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms

A

Cytomegalovirus (dormant in salivary glands) - HHV 5

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44
Q

HHV 1 and HHV 2

A

Herpes simplex virus
Type 1 - dormant in CN V
Primary lesion: primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
Secondary lesion: herpes labialis (cold sores)

Type II - genitals (dormant in Sacral Ganglia)

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45
Q

Epstain Barr virus is associated with?

A

BIHHN

Burkitts lymphoma
Infections mononucleosis
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hairy leukoplakia (white)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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46
Q

HHV 3
HHV 4
HHV 5
HHV 6
HHV 7
HHV 8

A

3- Varicella zoster virus (dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglion)
4- epstein barr virus (resting memory B lymphocytes)
5- cytomegalovirus (nucleui of cells in endothelium of arterial wall and T lymphocytes)
6- roseola infantum
7-
8- kaposi sarcoma (purple/red/brown)

1, 2 VE CyRo Ka (1,2 behh zero ka)

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47
Q

Vzv is dormant where? It causes what diseases

A

Posterior root ganglia of spinal cord

Chicken pox (varicella zoster)
Shingles (herpes zoster) -follows dermatome
Ramsay-hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus)

48
Q

Adenovirus causes?

A

Pharyngitis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis

*Astrazenica is an adenovirus

49
Q

Human papilloma virus causes

A

Warts and cervical cancer
Type 2 and type 4 are the most common cause of common warts

Type 16 - cervical cancer
Type 18 - hot wart-related

50
Q

Smallest double stranded DNA virus

A

Hepadnavirus (hepatitis B virus)

51
Q

Incubation period of hepadnavirus

A

6 to 8 weeks
Only hepatitis virus that has DNA Genome!!!
Uses reverse transcriptase that allows viral replication

52
Q

Viral antigens of hepadnavirus

A

HBsAg - australian antigen, surface antigen
HBcAg - core antigen

53
Q

Shortest incubation hepatitis

A

Hep A (2-6 weeks)
Picornavirus

54
Q

Most serious type of hepatitis

A

Hep C (flavivirus)

55
Q

Hep that can only bind if infected with Hep B

A

Hepatitis D (delta virus)

56
Q

Hepatitis viruses family

A

Hep A - picornavirus
Hep B - hepadnavirus
Hep C - flavivirus
Hep D - delta virus
Hep E - calicivirus

57
Q

Molluscum contagiousum is caused by?

58
Q

Inclusion bodies: guarneri bodies

A

Poxvirus/ variola/ smallpox

59
Q

Inclusion bodies: negri bodies

A

Rhabdoviridae

60
Q

Inclusion bodies: councilman bodies

A

Yellow fever (flavivirus)

61
Q

Virus family that causes poliomyelitis

A

Picornavirus - enterovirus - poliovirus

62
Q

Viruses that causes common cold (mild)

A

Adenovirus (DNA)
Coronavirus (RNA)
Influenza (RNA, orthomyxovirus)
Parainfluenza (RNA, paramyxovirus)
Rhinovirus (RNA, picornavirus)

63
Q

Disease associated with coxsackie virus

A

Coxsackie A
Herpangina
Hand-food-mouth disease
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

Coxsackie B
Pleurodynia (epidemic myalgia)
Myocarditis/pericariditis

64
Q

Can be associated with mild infections (mild respiratory infections) to more severe ones (aseptic meningitis)

A

Echovirus from enterovirus of the picornaviruses

65
Q

Picornaviruses

A
  1. ENTEROVIRUS
    a. Poliovirus
    b. Rhinovirus
    c. Coxsackie virus (A and B)
    d. Echovirus
  2. HEPATITIS A
66
Q

Causes flu and adult viral pneumonia

A

Influenza virus (orthomyxovirus)

In infants (1yr old), the most common cause is respiratory syncytial virus

67
Q

Paramyxoviruses

A
  1. Parainfluenza virus - causes respiratory infections
  2. Respiratory syncytial virus - viral pneumonia in infants
  3. Rubeola/measles - associated with koplik spots (whitish lesion surrounded by bluish red areola) BEFORE rashes
  4. Mumps virus (orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis)
68
Q

Causes rubella or german measles

A

Togavirus
Causes morbilliform rash, malaise, low-grade fever
Complication:congenital defects (deafness, microcephaly)
Dental: forchheimer spots on soft palate

69
Q

Most common cause of gastroenteritis in <2 yrs old

A

Rotavirus of reoviruses

70
Q

Viruses under flavivirus family

A
  1. Dengue virus (attacks bone marrow cells resulting to leuko and thrombocytopenia) aedes aegypti
  2. Yellow fever (attacks liver/kidney. Hx. Councilman bodies)
  3. Zika virus (assoc w/ Guillan Barre syndrome)
  4. West nile virus
  5. Hepatitis C virus

Flavi DezC WY (Flappy disk why)

71
Q

Family of HIV

A

Lentivirus (subtype of retrovirus)

Retro kasi may reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA)

72
Q

HIV diagnostic tests

A

ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
PCR (polymerase chain rxn)
Northern blot - RNA blot test
Southern blot - DNA blot test
Western blot - detects HIV proteins

Western + elisa = 99.9% accurate

73
Q

Toxoid vaccines

A

Diptheria
Tetanus

74
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A

MMR
rotavirus
Smallpox
Chicken pox
Yellow fever

MRS YELLOW CHICKEN

75
Q

Inactivated vaccines

A

Hep A
Flu
Rabies
Polio (Salk and sabin *live attenuated)

76
Q

Fungal infection of skin/hair/nails due to dermophytes (tricophyton, epidermophyton, microsporum)

A

Dermatophytoses (tinea pedis, capitis -scalp, cruris -jock itch, ungulum -nails, corporis -non hairy skin, barbae -skin in the beard area, facie nonbearded parts of the face)

❗If due to yeast like candida, cutaneous candidiasis

77
Q

Causes histoplasmosis

A

Histoplasmosis capsulatum
(Fungal)

*Birds and bats

78
Q

Causative of coccidiodomycosis (other name for the diseasae)

A

Aka valley fever or san joaquin fever
*Usually in US mexico etc
Coccidioides immitis

(Fungal)

79
Q

May present pulmonary lesion resembling coin lesion of TB

A

Histoplasmosis and coccidiodomycosis

(fungal)

80
Q

Causative of cryptococcosis

A

Cryptococcus neoformans or cryptococcus gattii

*Inhaled from the environment and migrate to CNS leading to meningoencephalitis

(Fungal)

81
Q

Mycotic infection involving lungs, skin, etc with ship wheeler appearance under microscope (3 names)

A

Blastomycosis / Gilchrist’s disease / North American blastomycosis

82
Q

Number 1 killer among parasitic infection

A

Malaria caused by plasmodium
Invades the liver before invading the RBCs
Vector: female anopheles’ mosquito

83
Q

Causative of toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma gondii (from cats)

84
Q

Causative of pneumocytosis

A

Pneumocystis carinii

85
Q

Causes trichomoniasis

A

Trichomonas vaginalis
Inflammation of vagina, prostate, or urethra

86
Q

Causes rat-bite fever

A

Spirillum minus

87
Q

Causative agent of Lyme disease

A

Borrelia carried by ticks

-causes bulls eye rash (erythrma migrans)

88
Q

How to differentiate staph and strep??

A

Catalase testing
+ = staph
- = strep

89
Q

Positive to gram staining, catalase test and coagulase/protein A

A

Staph aureus

90
Q

Panton valentine leukocidin

A

Staph aureus

91
Q

Non enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid composed of an outer and inner protein shell containing segmented ds RNA

A

Reovirus -virion contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase –replicate in cytoplasm

Members: rotaviruses (gastroenteritis in 2yo and under), coltivirus (colorado tick fever virus)

92
Q

RNA non-enveloped virus families

A

PRC walang binibigay na envelope

Picornavirus
Reovirus
Calicivirus

93
Q

Only member of the paramyxovirus that lacks the envelope glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (causes pneumonia in infants) -surface spikes are fusion (F) proteins

94
Q

Paramyxovirus vs orthomyxovirus

A

Paramyxo larger in size and have different surface proteins (H, N, F proteins) as well as nonsegmented genomes

95
Q

Only virus to obtain their virion envelopes by budding from the host nuclear or golgi membrane, not the host plasma membrane

A

Herpesvirus - replicate in nucleus!
Hallmark: ability to establish latent infection

96
Q

DNA enveloped virus

A

Herpesvirus
Poxvirus
Hepadnavirus

97
Q

Infectious (solely) protein particle and diseases they cause

A

Prions
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (mad cow disease)

Do not ilicit inflammatory or antibody response
Contain EITHER rna or dna encased in capsid

98
Q

Rna and dna virus transcription sites?

A

RNA - involves RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; occurs in cytoplasm except retro and influenza

DNA - involves host-cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; occurs in nucleus except poxvirus

99
Q

Reproducr mainly by spore formation, elaborate no endotoxin, grown on Sabouraud’s medium

100
Q

Test to differentiate strep pneumoniae from other strep

A

Bile solubility test

101
Q

Test for presumptive detection of E. Coli on urine specimens

A

Indole test

102
Q

Bacteria engulfed and enclosed in a vacuole within the cytoplasm is called?

A

Phagosome

Phagosome + lysosome= phagolysosome

103
Q

Two major opsonins

A

IgG and C3b

104
Q

Smallest bacteria devoid of cell wall and are only surrounded by a cell membrane

A

Mycoplasma - ONLY PROKARYOTE that has sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane

*Lack of cell wall makes them not affected by antimicrobials such as beta-lactams

105
Q

Immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in serum samples from px with perio disease

106
Q

Predominant subgingival bacteria associated with gingival health

A

Strep mitis, sanguis
Actinomyces viscosus, naeslundii
Rothia dentocariosus
Staph epidermidis
Small spirochetes

107
Q

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is associated with?

A

Associated with aggressive periodontal disease and localised aggressive periodontitis

108
Q

Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with?

A

Chronic periodontal disease and aggressive periodontitis

109
Q

Tannerella forsythia is assoc with?

A

Perio disease

110
Q

Associated with anug

A

Treponema denticola
Prevotella intermedia

111
Q

Superficial mycoses

A

Pityriasis versicolor
-Malassezia furfur

Black piedra
-piedrai hortae
-tinea nigra
-hortae werneckii

White piedra
-trichosporon spp

112
Q

Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses

A

Dermatophytoses
-microsporum
-trichophyton
-epidermophyton

Tinea unguium
-Trichophyton spp
-E. Floccosum

Onychomycosis
-candida
-aspergillus
-trichosporon
-geotrichum

Mycotic keratitis
-fusarium
-aspergillus
-candida

113
Q

Endemic mycoses

A

Blstomyces
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidiodes
Penicillium
Paracoccidiodes

114
Q

Most serious type of the four species of malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum

115
Q

Differentiate the different types of helminths: nematodes, trematodes, cestodes

A

Nematodes (roundworms) and trematodes (flukes) have a mouth and intestinal tract while cestodes (tapeworms absorb directly through the outer tegument)

116
Q

Black water fever is associated with what microorganism

A

Plasmodium falciparum (malaria)

117
Q

Infectious form of a virus outside the host cell

Need To Recall (19 decks)

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