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Radiation And Radiation Packaging Flashcards

1
Q

Which U.S. agency regulates radioactive material packaging and transport?

A

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

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2
Q

Which U.S. agency oversees radioactive material transport requirements, including labeling and shipping papers?

A

U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)

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3
Q

What four areas are regulated in radioactive material transport?

A

Packaging, contents, radiation levels, and transport requirements

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Transport requirements include ________ and ________.

A

Labeling, shipping papers

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5
Q

What two areas must radiation levels be checked before transport?

A

On the packaging surface and at 1 meter from the package

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: Shippers must ensure all ________ levels are within allowed limits.

A

Radiation

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7
Q

What are the four types of packages for radioactive materials?

A

Excepted, Industrial, Type A, Type B

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: As the amount of radioactivity increases, the ________ of the packaging also increases.

A

Regulated strength

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9
Q

What level of hazard is associated with excepted packages?

A

Very low hazard

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10
Q

Name one example of material transported in excepted packages.

A

Smoke detectors

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Excepted packages are excluded from specific ________, ________, and ________ requirements.

A

Packaging, labeling, shipping paper

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12
Q

What must be marked on the outside of excepted packages?

A

“UN” and the four-digit UN identification number

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13
Q

What level of hazard is associated with industrial packages?

A

Very low hazard

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14
Q

What is typically shipped in industrial packages?

A

Low-level radioactive waste

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: DOT regulations require no ________ release of material during transport.

A

Identifiable

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16
Q

What are the three categories of industrial packages?

A

IP-1, IP-2, IP-3

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17
Q

Where is the industrial package category marked?

A

On the exterior of the package

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18
Q

What type of radioactive material is shipped in Type A packages?

A

Small quantities with higher concentrations

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19
Q

What are Type A packages made of?

A

Steel, wood, or fiberboard

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: Type A packages must meet ________ testing requirements.

A

Standard

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21
Q

Name three examples of materials shipped in Type A packages.

A

Nuclear medicines, radioactive waste, industrial radioactive sources

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22
Q

What does the marking “UN 2915” indicate?

A

Radioactive material, Type A package

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23
Q

What does “RQ” on a Type A package mean?

A

Reportable quantity

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24
Q

What level of hazard is associated with Type B packages?

A

Highest levels of radioactivity

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25
Q

What conditions must Type B packages withstand?

A

Severe accidents (impact, fire, water immersion)

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: Examples of materials transported in Type B packages include ________ and ________.

A

Spent nuclear fuel, high-level radioactive waste

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27
Q

What are the two Type B designations?

A

Type B (U) and Type B (M)

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28
Q

What does “U” in Type B (U) stand for?

A

Unilateral approval

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29
Q

What does “M” in Type B (M) stand for?

A

Multilateral approval

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30
Q

How heavy can Type B packages be?

A

Up to 125 tons

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31
Q

How many sides of a package must labels be placed on?

A

Two sides

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32
Q

What is the standard size of a radioactive label?

A

4x4 inches

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33
Q

Fill in the blank: Yellow-II labels are used for ________ radioactivity.

A

Moderate

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34
Q

What three label types include a yellow background and a trefoil symbol?

A

White-I, Yellow-II, Yellow-III

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35
Q

What information is listed on Yellow-II and Yellow-III labels?

A

Contents, activity, transport index (TI)

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36
Q

What does the TI represent?

A

Maximum radiation dose rate at 1 meter from the package

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37
Q

Fill in the blank: The TI helps provide ________ over radiation exposure.

A

Control

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38
Q

What is the required size of a placard?

A

10x10 inches

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39
Q

Where must placards be displayed on vehicles?

A

All four sides

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40
Q

Fill in the blank: Placards must include the UN hazard identification number ________.

A

7

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41
Q

When are placards not required for vehicles?

A

For shipments with Empty, White-I, or Yellow-II labels

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42
Q

Yellow-III labels, Exclusive use LSA/SCO, HRCQ shipments require

A

Vehicle placards

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43
Q

Fill in the blank: Placards must be displayed on all ________ sides of the transport vehicle.

A

Four

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44
Q

What is the inner border size on placards?

A

12.5 mm from the edge

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45
Q

What color can the text, borders, and symbols on placards be?

A

Black or white

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46
Q

Name two examples of markings required on radioactive packages.

A

Proper shipping name, UN ID number

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47
Q

Fill in the blank: Orientation arrows indicate which side should be ________.

A

Up

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48
Q

What marking is required if a package weighs over 110 lbs?

A

Gross weight

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49
Q

What does “RQ” on a package indicate?

A

Reportable quantity

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50
Q

What marking indicates surface-contaminated objects?

A

“Radioactive SCO”

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51
Q

What label is used for very low radioactivity levels?

A

White-I

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52
Q

What label is required for higher radioactivity levels?

A

Yellow-III

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The transport index (TI) is displayed on ________ and ________ labels.

A

Yellow-II, Yellow-III

54
Q

What label indicates residual contamination only?

55
Q

What label is required for fissile material?

56
Q

What does the transport index (TI) represent?

A

The maximum radiation dose rate at 1 meter

57
Q

Fill in the blank: The TI provides a ________ for radiation exposure limits.

58
Q

How is the transport index determined?

A

By measuring the maximum radiation level at 1 meter from an undamaged package

59
Q

What is the TI limit for Yellow-II packages?

A

1.0 mrem/hr at 1 meter

60
Q

Fill in the blank: A TI of ________ indicates a dose rate of 0.2 mrem/hr at 1 meter.

61
Q

What should responders first check at an accident involving radioactive material?

A

Package integrity and radiation levels

62
Q

Fill in the blank: Nearby radioactive packages may cause ________ in radiation readings.

A

Interference

63
Q

Why is the TI important at an accident scene?

A

It helps determine if a package’s radiation levels have changed

64
Q

What defines an exclusive-use vehicle?

A

A single shipper controls all loading, unloading, and transport

65
Q

Fill in the blank: Exclusive-use vehicles are required for ________ shipments.

66
Q

What unit measures specific activity?

A

Becquerels or curies

67
Q

Fill in the blank: Radioactivity in a package is measured in ________ or ________.

A

Curies (Ci), Becquerels (Bq)

68
Q

What does “specific activity” mean?

A

The activity of the radionuclide per unit mass

69
Q

True or False: A small package always contains low radioactivity.

70
Q

How many digits are in a UN identification number?

71
Q

Fill in the blank: The UN hazard identifier for radioactive materials is ________.

72
Q

What range of numbers is used for NA numbers?

A

NA8000–NA9999

73
Q

What is the Criticality Safety Index (CSI) required for?

A

Fissile labels

74
Q

Fill in the blank: The CSI ensures safe ________ of fissile material.

75
Q

What does the marking “Radioactive LSA” indicate?

A

Low Specific Activity material

76
Q

What type of package requires orientation arrows?

A

Packages containing liquids

77
Q

What shipments are exempt from placards?

A

Excepted packages and White-I or Yellow-II labels

78
Q

What is the primary purpose of regulated packaging?

A

To protect contents and prevent dissemination during accidents

79
Q

How many sides of a package must have labels?

80
Q

Define “exclusive use.”

A

Transport controlled entirely by one shipper, including loading and unloading

81
Q

What number must appear on the bottom of placards?

82
Q

Fill in the blank: Placards are ________ and not made of paper.

83
Q

What tests must Type B packages pass?

A

Severe accident conditions (e.g., impact, fire)

84
Q

What tests must Type A packages pass?

A

Normal transport conditions

85
Q

What color is the trefoil symbol on Yellow-II labels?

A

Black on yellow

86
Q

What must be included in shipping papers for radioactive material?

A

Contents, activity levels, emergency contact information

87
Q

What is the transport index (TI) for Yellow-III labels?

A

Greater than 1.0

88
Q

What is the purpose of orientation arrows?

A

To show which side should face up

89
Q

What does NA8000–NA9999 represent?

A

North America-specific numbers for hazardous materials

90
Q

What does “LSA” stand for?

A

Low Specific Activity

91
Q

What label must include the transport index?

A

Yellow-II and Yellow-III

92
Q

What does “fissile” indicate?

A

Materials requiring criticality control

93
Q

Range of alpha particles

94
Q

What is alpha shielded by?

A

Paper
Cloth
Dead skin cell layer

95
Q

Alpha particles are mostly what kind of hazard?

A

Internal

*ingestion accident

96
Q

Range of beta particles

A

Up to 30’ depending on strength

97
Q

Beta particles shielded by?

A

Thick clothing
1/4” aluminum
1/4” plastic

98
Q

External hazards of beta?
Also hazardous where?

A

Skin and eyes

Internally like alpha if ingested

99
Q

Gamma particles range?

A

Hundreds of feet depending on strength

100
Q

What shields gamma?

A

1” of lead
3” of steel
6” of concrete
1’ of dirt

101
Q

Hazards to body from gamma?

A

Whole body inside and out

102
Q

Neutron radiation range

A

Depends on type of neutron
Strength and speed

Fast can be hundreds of feet
Slow (thermal) can be a few inches

103
Q

______ Rich materials are best to slow down neutron radiation.

104
Q

Examples of hydrogen rich materials include

A

Water
Polyethylene
Concrete

105
Q

Thickness of material needed for fast neutron shielding (to atleast slow down)

A

20” water
40” concrete

106
Q

After neutron slowed it can be absorbed by materials with high ______ ______cross sections

-

A

Neutron absorption

Boron
Cadmium

107
Q

Body impact from neutron

A

Whole body

108
Q

radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions is?

A

Ionizing radiation

109
Q

________ is the spontaneous emission of radiation from the unstable nucleus of an atom as it transforms into a more stable form.

A

Radioactivity

110
Q

_______ is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a medium.

111
Q

_________ is the amount of ionizing radiation absorbed by a person or object from an external or internal source.

A

Radiation exposure

112
Q

When does exposure stop?

A

Radiation is gone or decayed
Person leaves
Person is shielded

113
Q

________ is the presence of radioactive materials on surfaces, in liquids, or within the body, where they can emit ionizing radiation and pose a hazard.

A

Radiation contamination

114
Q

Methods of contamination?
(6)

A

Ingestion
Inhalation
Injection
Absorption
Contact
Deposition

115
Q

______ is a unit of measurement for the biological effect of ionizing radiation on human tissue, accounting for the type and energy of the radiation.

A

Rem
Roentgen equivalent man

116
Q

______ = the dose of radiation (in rads) multiplied by a quality factor (specific to the type of radiation).

117
Q

1 Sievert (Sv) = ___ REM

118
Q

1 rem =
_____ millirem
_____ microrem

A

1000
1000000

119
Q

The ______ measures the biological effects of ionizing radiation on human tissue, considering radiation type and sensitivity of exposed tissue.

A

sievert (Sv)

120
Q

• _______: Increased cancer risk over time.
• ___ Sv: Can cause radiation sickness with prolonged exposure.
• ____ Sv: Fatal without immediate medical treatment.

A

0.1 Sv (100 mSv)
1
10

121
Q

refers to the maximum amount of ionizing radiation a person can be exposed to in a given time period, set to minimize health risks.

A

Dose limit

122
Q

What is ALARA?
How do we achieve it?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Time
Distance
Shielding

123
Q

RDD

A

Radiological dispersal device

124
Q

What is a RDD
Radiological dispersal device

A

Conventional explosive/bomb containing radioactive material

“Dirty bomb”

125
Q

Radiation half life

A

Time for half the initial radioactive atoms to decay

126
Q

The time allowed for a responder to stay in an area before a predetermined dose limit is reached

127
Q

Max REM in jfrd before entry is voluntary

128
Q

Hotzone start point

Red Helmet (68 decks)

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