Radiation And Radiation Packaging Flashcards
1
Q
Which U.S. agency regulates radioactive material packaging and transport?
A
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
2
Q
Which U.S. agency oversees radioactive material transport requirements, including labeling and shipping papers?
A
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
3
Q
What four areas are regulated in radioactive material transport?
A
Packaging, contents, radiation levels, and transport requirements
4
Q
Fill in the blank: Transport requirements include ________ and ________.
A
Labeling, shipping papers
5
Q
What two areas must radiation levels be checked before transport?
A
On the packaging surface and at 1 meter from the package
6
Q
Fill in the blank: Shippers must ensure all ________ levels are within allowed limits.
A
Radiation
7
Q
What are the four types of packages for radioactive materials?
A
Excepted, Industrial, Type A, Type B
8
Q
Fill in the blank: As the amount of radioactivity increases, the ________ of the packaging also increases.
A
Regulated strength
9
Q
What level of hazard is associated with excepted packages?
A
Very low hazard
10
Q
Name one example of material transported in excepted packages.
A
Smoke detectors
11
Q
Fill in the blank: Excepted packages are excluded from specific ________, ________, and ________ requirements.
A
Packaging, labeling, shipping paper
12
Q
What must be marked on the outside of excepted packages?
A
“UN” and the four-digit UN identification number
13
Q
What level of hazard is associated with industrial packages?
A
Very low hazard
14
Q
What is typically shipped in industrial packages?
A
Low-level radioactive waste
15
Q
Fill in the blank: DOT regulations require no ________ release of material during transport.
A
Identifiable
16
Q
What are the three categories of industrial packages?
A
IP-1, IP-2, IP-3
17
Q
Where is the industrial package category marked?
A
On the exterior of the package
18
Q
What type of radioactive material is shipped in Type A packages?
A
Small quantities with higher concentrations
19
Q
What are Type A packages made of?
A
Steel, wood, or fiberboard
20
Q
Fill in the blank: Type A packages must meet ________ testing requirements.
A
Standard
21
Q
Name three examples of materials shipped in Type A packages.
A
Nuclear medicines, radioactive waste, industrial radioactive sources
22
Q
What does the marking “UN 2915” indicate?
A
Radioactive material, Type A package
23
Q
What does “RQ” on a Type A package mean?
A
Reportable quantity
24
Q
What level of hazard is associated with Type B packages?
A
Highest levels of radioactivity
25
What conditions must Type B packages withstand?
Severe accidents (impact, fire, water immersion)
26
Fill in the blank: Examples of materials transported in Type B packages include ________ and ________.
Spent nuclear fuel, high-level radioactive waste
27
What are the two Type B designations?
Type B (U) and Type B (M)
28
What does “U” in Type B (U) stand for?
Unilateral approval
29
What does “M” in Type B (M) stand for?
Multilateral approval
30
How heavy can Type B packages be?
Up to 125 tons
31
How many sides of a package must labels be placed on?
Two sides
32
What is the standard size of a radioactive label?
4x4 inches
33
Fill in the blank: Yellow-II labels are used for ________ radioactivity.
Moderate
34
What three label types include a yellow background and a trefoil symbol?
White-I, Yellow-II, Yellow-III
35
What information is listed on Yellow-II and Yellow-III labels?
Contents, activity, transport index (TI)
36
What does the TI represent?
Maximum radiation dose rate at 1 meter from the package
37
Fill in the blank: The TI helps provide ________ over radiation exposure.
Control
38
What is the required size of a placard?
10x10 inches
39
Where must placards be displayed on vehicles?
All four sides
40
Fill in the blank: Placards must include the UN hazard identification number ________.
7
41
When are placards not required for vehicles?
For shipments with Empty, White-I, or Yellow-II labels
42
Yellow-III labels, Exclusive use LSA/SCO, HRCQ shipments require
Vehicle placards
43
Fill in the blank: Placards must be displayed on all ________ sides of the transport vehicle.
Four
44
What is the inner border size on placards?
12.5 mm from the edge
45
What color can the text, borders, and symbols on placards be?
Black or white
46
Name two examples of markings required on radioactive packages.
Proper shipping name, UN ID number
47
Fill in the blank: Orientation arrows indicate which side should be ________.
Up
48
What marking is required if a package weighs over 110 lbs?
Gross weight
49
What does “RQ” on a package indicate?
Reportable quantity
50
What marking indicates surface-contaminated objects?
“Radioactive SCO”
51
What label is used for very low radioactivity levels?
White-I
52
What label is required for higher radioactivity levels?
Yellow-III
53
Fill in the blank: The transport index (TI) is displayed on ________ and ________ labels.
Yellow-II, Yellow-III
54
What label indicates residual contamination only?
Empty
55
What label is required for fissile material?
Fissile
56
What does the transport index (TI) represent?
The maximum radiation dose rate at 1 meter
57
Fill in the blank: The TI provides a ________ for radiation exposure limits.
Baseline
58
How is the transport index determined?
By measuring the maximum radiation level at 1 meter from an undamaged package
59
What is the TI limit for Yellow-II packages?
1.0 mrem/hr at 1 meter
60
Fill in the blank: A TI of ________ indicates a dose rate of 0.2 mrem/hr at 1 meter.
0.2
61
What should responders first check at an accident involving radioactive material?
Package integrity and radiation levels
62
Fill in the blank: Nearby radioactive packages may cause ________ in radiation readings.
Interference
63
Why is the TI important at an accident scene?
It helps determine if a package’s radiation levels have changed
64
What defines an exclusive-use vehicle?
A single shipper controls all loading, unloading, and transport
65
Fill in the blank: Exclusive-use vehicles are required for ________ shipments.
High-risk
66
What unit measures specific activity?
Becquerels or curies
67
Fill in the blank: Radioactivity in a package is measured in ________ or ________.
Curies (Ci), Becquerels (Bq)
68
What does “specific activity” mean?
The activity of the radionuclide per unit mass
69
True or False: A small package always contains low radioactivity.
False
70
How many digits are in a UN identification number?
Four
71
Fill in the blank: The UN hazard identifier for radioactive materials is ________.
7
72
What range of numbers is used for NA numbers?
NA8000–NA9999
73
What is the Criticality Safety Index (CSI) required for?
Fissile labels
74
Fill in the blank: The CSI ensures safe ________ of fissile material.
Transport
75
What does the marking “Radioactive LSA” indicate?
Low Specific Activity material
76
What type of package requires orientation arrows?
Packages containing liquids
77
What shipments are exempt from placards?
Excepted packages and White-I or Yellow-II labels
78
What is the primary purpose of regulated packaging?
To protect contents and prevent dissemination during accidents
79
How many sides of a package must have labels?
Two
80
Define “exclusive use.”
Transport controlled entirely by one shipper, including loading and unloading
81
What number must appear on the bottom of placards?
7
82
Fill in the blank: Placards are ________ and not made of paper.
Durable
83
What tests must Type B packages pass?
Severe accident conditions (e.g., impact, fire)
84
What tests must Type A packages pass?
Normal transport conditions
85
What color is the trefoil symbol on Yellow-II labels?
Black on yellow
86
What must be included in shipping papers for radioactive material?
Contents, activity levels, emergency contact information
87
What is the transport index (TI) for Yellow-III labels?
Greater than 1.0
88
What is the purpose of orientation arrows?
To show which side should face up
89
What does NA8000–NA9999 represent?
North America-specific numbers for hazardous materials
90
What does “LSA” stand for?
Low Specific Activity
91
What label must include the transport index?
Yellow-II and Yellow-III
92
What does “fissile” indicate?
Materials requiring criticality control
93
Range of alpha particles
1-2”
94
What is alpha shielded by?
Paper
Cloth
Dead skin cell layer
95
Alpha particles are mostly what kind of hazard?
Internal
*ingestion accident
96
Range of beta particles
Up to 30’ depending on strength
97
Beta particles shielded by?
Thick clothing
1/4” aluminum
1/4” plastic
98
External hazards of beta?
Also hazardous where?
Skin and eyes
Internally like alpha if ingested
99
Gamma particles range?
Hundreds of feet depending on strength
100
What shields gamma?
1” of lead
3” of steel
6” of concrete
1’ of dirt
101
Hazards to body from gamma?
Whole body inside and out
102
Neutron radiation range
Depends on type of neutron
Strength and speed
Fast can be hundreds of feet
Slow (thermal) can be a few inches
103
______ Rich materials are best to slow down neutron radiation.
Hydrogen
104
Examples of hydrogen rich materials include
Water
Polyethylene
Concrete
105
Thickness of material needed for fast neutron shielding (to atleast slow down)
20” water
40” concrete
106
After neutron slowed it can be absorbed by materials with high ______ ______cross sections
Such as
-
-
Neutron absorption
Boron
Cadmium
107
Body impact from neutron
Whole body
108
radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions is?
Ionizing radiation
109
________ is the spontaneous emission of radiation from the unstable nucleus of an atom as it transforms into a more stable form.
Radioactivity
110
_______ is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a medium.
Radiation
111
_________ is the amount of ionizing radiation absorbed by a person or object from an external or internal source.
Radiation exposure
112
When does exposure stop?
Radiation is gone or decayed
Person leaves
Person is shielded
113
________ is the presence of radioactive materials on surfaces, in liquids, or within the body, where they can emit ionizing radiation and pose a hazard.
Radiation contamination
114
Methods of contamination?
(6)
Ingestion
Inhalation
Injection
Absorption
Contact
Deposition
115
______ is a unit of measurement for the biological effect of ionizing radiation on human tissue, accounting for the type and energy of the radiation.
Rem
Roentgen equivalent man
116
______ = the dose of radiation (in rads) multiplied by a quality factor (specific to the type of radiation).
1 REM
117
1 Sievert (Sv) = ___ REM
100
118
1 rem =
_____ millirem
_____ microrem
1000
1000000
119
The ______ measures the biological effects of ionizing radiation on human tissue, considering radiation type and sensitivity of exposed tissue.
sievert (Sv)
120
• _______: Increased cancer risk over time.
• ___ Sv: Can cause radiation sickness with prolonged exposure.
• ____ Sv: Fatal without immediate medical treatment.
0.1 Sv (100 mSv)
1
10
121
refers to the maximum amount of ionizing radiation a person can be exposed to in a given time period, set to minimize health risks.
Dose limit
122
What is ALARA?
How do we achieve it?
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
Time
Distance
Shielding
123
RDD
Radiological dispersal device
124
What is a RDD
Radiological dispersal device
Conventional explosive/bomb containing radioactive material
“Dirty bomb”
125
Radiation half life
Time for half the initial radioactive atoms to decay
126
The time allowed for a responder to stay in an area before a predetermined dose limit is reached
Stay time
127
Max REM in jfrd before entry is voluntary
25 REM
128
Hotzone start point
5 rem
