Papers Flashcards
1
Q
What is the purpose of pH paper?
A
To measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
2
Q
What color does pH paper turn in an acidic substance?
A
Red.
3
Q
What color does pH paper turn in a neutral substance?
A
Green.
4
Q
What color does pH paper turn in a basic/alkaline substance?
A
Blue.
5
Q
Why is pH paper important in Hazmat operations?
A
It helps identify the scale of potential hydrogen to better understand the chemical and how to mitigate it
6
Q
What is the purpose of KI paper?
A
To detect oxidizing agents.
7
Q
What color does KI paper turn in the presence of nitrates, shock sensitives and oxidizing agents? And peroxides?
A
Blue/violet spots and rings
Black/dark purple for peroxides
8
Q
What are common oxidizers detected by KI paper?
A
Chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and other reactive chemicals.
9
Q
How is KI paper used in the field?
A
It is exposed to fumes or liquid suspected to contain oxidizers.
10
Q
What is the hazard significance of a positive KI paper reaction?
A
Indicates the presence of reactive or highly flammable substances.
11
Q
What is the purpose of M8 paper?
A
To identify the presence of liquid chemical warfare agents.
12
Q
What color does M8 paper turn for blister agents?
A
Red or pink.
13
Q
What color does M8 paper turn for G-series nerve agents?
A
Yellow/gold
14
Q
What color does M8 paper turn for V-series nerve agents?
A
Green or dark green.
15
Q
How is M8 paper used in the field?
A
It is dabbed onto liquid substances to test for chemical agents.
16
Q
What limitation does M8 paper have?
A
It cannot detect vapor-phase agents, only liquids.
17
Q
What is the purpose of M9 paper?
A
To detect the presence of liquid chemical agents.
18
Q
What color does M9 paper change to upon contact with liquid chemical agents?
A
Red or red-brown.
19
Q
What type of chemical agents does M9 paper detect?
A
Liquid chemical agents but without differentiating the type.
20
Q
How quickly does M9 paper react?
A
Almost immediately upon contact with hazardous liquids.
21
Q
What is the primary limitation of M9 paper?
A
It only detects the presence of agents but does not identify specific types.
22
Q
What is the purpose of F paper?
A
To detect fluoride
23
Q
Why is F paper highly specific?
A
It reacts only to fluorinated organophosphate compounds.
24
Q
How is F paper used in the field?
A
Exposed to liquid or vapor suspected to contain fluorinated agents.
25
What does a positive F paper result indicate?
The presence of fluorinated ions
26
What is the primary role of monitoring papers in Hazmat operations?
To provide rapid identification of hazardous substances.
27
Why is color change important in sampling papers?
It provides a visual and immediate indication of hazard presence.
28
What is the main difference between M8 and M9 papers?
M8 identifies specific types of agents, while M9 detects the presence of any liquid chemical agent.
Also m9 PPB
M8 PPM
29
How should sampling papers be stored?
In a dry, cool environment to prevent contamination or premature reactions.
30
What is the common limitation of all these detection papers?
They generally cannot detect vapor-phase substances without additional equipment.
31
Extra color m8 can turn and why
Blue, arsenic trichloride
32
F paper color turn for fluorinated ions
Yellow
33
Concentration and minimum about F paper measure in
PPM
20
34
What do you activate KI paper with?
Oxidizers and chlorine
Hydrochloride solution for oxidizers
Water for chlorine
35
KI paper minimum concentration and how measured
20 PPM
36
Types of g nerve agents
Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), and Cyclosarin (GF).
37
Types of v nerve agents
VX (the most well-known), VE, VG, VM.
38
Types of blister agents
Phosgene oxime, lewisite, nitrogen mustards, sulfur mustards
39
What is KI paper used for?
Determination of nitrates and free chlorine.
## Footnote
KI paper is a common analytical tool used in various chemical tests.
40
What is the pH level for testing nitrite with KI paper?
pH < 2.
## Footnote
This acidic condition is necessary for accurate nitrite detection.
41
What happens on KI paper with high nitrite concentrations?
Blue/violet spots appear.
## Footnote
This color change indicates the presence of high levels of nitrite.
42
What happens on KI paper with low nitrite concentrations?
Blue/violet rings appear.
## Footnote
The formation of rings suggests lower nitrite levels.
43
What is the pH level for testing free chlorine with KI paper?
pH 6–7.
## Footnote
This neutral pH range is optimal for free chlorine testing.
44
What happens on KI paper with high chlorine concentrations?
Blue/violet spots appear.
## Footnote
Similar to nitrite testing, high chlorine levels cause a distinct color change.
45
What happens on KI paper with low chlorine concentrations?
Blue/violet rings appear.
## Footnote
This indicates the presence of free chlorine but at lower concentrations.
46
What can interfere with KI paper tests?
All oxidizing reagents.
## Footnote
Interference can lead to false positives in the test results.
47
How do oxidizing reagents interfere with KI paper?
They liberate iodine from potassium iodide, showing a positive reaction.
## Footnote
This reaction complicates the interpretation of test results.
48
What are pH test papers used for?
Measuring acidity or alkalinity.
49
pH < 7 indicates what?
Acidic solution.
50
pH = 7 indicates what?
Neutral solution.
51
pH > 7 indicates what?
Alkaline (basic) solution.
52
How do you use pH test papers?
Dip in solution; compare color to the chart.
53
What color indicates strong acidity on pH paper?
Red.
54
What color indicates neutrality on pH paper?
Green.
55
What color indicates strong alkalinity on pH paper?
Blue.
56
Fill in the blank: ________ solutions can mask color changes on pH paper.
Colored or turbid.
57
What causes false positives on pH test papers?
Oxidizing agents or contamination.
58
What causes false negatives on pH test papers?
Reducing agents like ascorbic acid.
59
True or False: pH test papers work on oily samples.
False.
60
Fill in the blank: High ________ concentrations can distort pH readings.
Salt.
61
Fill in the blank: Extreme ________ affects the accuracy of pH test paper.
Temperature.
62
Can pH test papers differentiate between strong and weak acids?
No.
63
Why shouldn’t you touch pH test paper with fingers?
To avoid contamination.
64
What is F paper used for?
Rapid determination of fluoride ions and gaseous hydrogen fluoride in an atmosphere.
65
What is the reaction on F paper in the presence of fluoride ions?
Yellowish-white spot appears against a pink-red background.
66
What is the shelf life of F paper?
3 years.
67
What pH level is required to test with F paper?
pH ≤ 1.
68
How is F paper applied for testing?
Apply a drop of hydrochloric acid solution (pH ≤ 1) to the test paper.
69
What happens when high concentrations of fluorides are present on F paper?
A yellowish-white spot appears.
70
What happens when low concentrations of fluorides are present on F paper?
A yellowish-white ring appears.
71
When must F paper reactions be determined?
Immediately after applying the test solution.
72
How do complex-bound fluoride ions react on F paper?
In the same manner as free fluoride ions.
73
What is the sensitivity of F paper?
20 mg/L (ppm).
74
What causes whitening on F paper, interfering with the test?
Chlorates, bromates, and sulfates.
75
How is interference from chlorates and bromates eliminated on F paper?
By adding sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4).
76
Does sodium dithionite eliminate fluoride interference?
No, it only removes chlorate and bromate interference.
77
How is sulfate interference on F paper eliminated?
By adding barium chloride.
78
What must be considered for solutions with intense color during F paper tests?
The color of the solution should be accounted for when interpreting reactions.
79
What does M8 paper detect?
V/G nerve and blister agents
## Footnote
M8 paper is specifically designed to identify certain types of chemical agents.
80
What is the shelf life of M8 paper?
Infinite if kept dry
## Footnote
Proper storage conditions are critical for maintaining the effectiveness of M8 paper.
81
What color indicates a G nerve agent on M8 paper?
Yellow-gold
## Footnote
This color coding is essential for rapid identification of nerve agents.
82
What color indicates an H blister agent on M8 paper?
Red-pink
## Footnote
The color helps personnel quickly differentiate between types of agents.
83
What color indicates a V nerve agent on M8 paper?
Dark-green
## Footnote
Correct identification is crucial for response measures.
84
What can cause false positives on M8 paper?
Some decontaminants
## Footnote
Awareness of limitations is important for accurate interpretation of results.
85
What does M9 paper detect?
Chemical warfare agents
## Footnote
M9 paper measures in PPB and only detects the presence of
Used as a tape
86
What colors indicate the presence of chemical agents on M9 paper?
Red, pink, reddish-brown, or purple
## Footnote
These colors reflect the presence of various chemical agents.
87
What can cause false positives on M9 paper?
Heat, dirt, oil, grease, petroleum, or decon solutions (e.g., DS2)
## Footnote
Understanding these factors is crucial for accurate readings.
88
What does M9 paper NOT detect?
Chemical agent vapors
## Footnote
This limitation is important for operational planning.
89
How should M9 paper results be confirmed?
With an M256 kit or comparable detector
## Footnote
Confirmation is essential for ensuring safety and accuracy.
90
What is the shelf life of M9 paper?
3 years
## Footnote
Regular checks on the expiration date are necessary for operational readiness.
91
What safety precaution is required for applying M9 paper?
Wear gloves
## Footnote
Personal protective measures are vital when handling chemical detection equipment.
92
Where should M9 paper be applied on the bear claw and suit?
It’s the tape that’s the base
On arm and face mask
## Footnote
Placement is strategic for effective monitoring.
93
What light is required to read M9 paper at night?
White light
## Footnote
Proper lighting is necessary for accurate reading of results.
94
What adjustments are needed if left-handed when applying M9 paper?
Reverse placement locations
## Footnote
Adaptation ensures effective use regardless of dominant hand.
95
Give an example of an acid with its pH.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), pH ~1.
96
Give an example of a base with its pH.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), pH ~13.
97
What is the pH of vinegar (acetic acid)?
~2-3.
98
What is the pH of baking soda?
~8-9.
99
What is the pH of pure water?
7 (neutral).
100
What is the pH of lemon juice?
~2.
101
What is the pH of ammonia?
~11.
102
What causes a hit on KI paper for nitrites?
Nitrite salts (e.g., sodium nitrite).
103
What causes a hit on KI paper for chlorine?
Free chlorine (Cl2) or bleach (sodium hypochlorite).
104
What do oxidizers do to KI paper?
Liberate iodine from KI, showing a positive reaction.
105
Examples of oxidizers causing a reaction on KI paper?
* Hydrogen peroxide
* Potassium permanganate.
106
What color change indicates a positive hit on KI paper?
Blue/violet spots or rings.
107
What chemical causes a positive hit on F paper?
Fluoride ions or gaseous hydrogen fluoride (HF).
108
Example of a source for fluoride ions?
Sodium fluoride or fluorosilicic acid.
109
What is required to test with F paper?
Hydrochloric acid (pH ≤ 1).
110
What interference can cause whitening on F paper?
Chlorates, bromates, and sulfates.
111
How can sulfate interference be eliminated?
Add barium chloride.
112
What does a yellowish-white spot indicate on F paper?
High fluoride concentration.
113
What chemical causes a yellow-gold hit on M8 paper?
G nerve agent (e.g., sarin).
114
What chemical causes a red-pink hit on M8 paper?
H blister agent (e.g., sulfur mustard).
115
What chemical causes a dark-green hit on M8 paper?
V nerve agent (e.g., VX).
116
Does M8 paper detect liquids or vapors?
Liquids only.
117
What chemicals can cause a hit on M9 paper?
Chemical warfare agents like nerve and blister agents.
118
What colors indicate a hit on M9 paper?
* Red
* Pink
* Reddish-brown
* Purple.
119
What can cause false positives on M9 paper?
Heat, oil, dirt, petroleum, or decon solutions.
120
Does M9 paper detect vapors?
No, only liquid agents.
121
How should M9 paper results be confirmed?
Using an M256 kit or comparable detector.
122
What are the signs of acid exposure?
Burning sensation, redness, pain, possible tissue damage
## Footnote
Acid exposure can lead to significant harm depending on the concentration and duration of contact.
123
What are the signs of base exposure?
Slippery feel, pain, redness, deep tissue damage
## Footnote
Bases can cause severe injuries, particularly to skin and eyes.
124
Fill in the blank: Acids have a pH of ________.
<7
125
Fill in the blank: Bases have a pH of ________.
>7
126
What does a base feel like on skin?
Slippery and soapy
127
What does acid exposure to eyes cause?
Burning, redness, possible vision loss
128
What are the signs of nitrite exposure?
Headache, nausea, cyanosis (bluish skin)
## Footnote
Cyanosis indicates a lack of oxygen in the blood.
129
What are the signs of chlorine exposure?
Coughing, burning eyes, throat irritation, chest tightness
130
Fill in the blank: KI paper reacts to ________ and ________.
Nitrites and chlorine
131
What oxidizers can cause KI paper to react?
Hydrogen peroxide, bleach
132
What symptom indicates chlorine inhalation?
Shortness of breath
133
What is cyanosis, and what causes it in nitrite exposure?
Bluish skin due to reduced oxygen in the blood
134
What are the signs of fluoride exposure?
Burns, pain, skin discoloration
135
What are the signs of hydrogen fluoride (HF) exposure?
Severe pain, deep tissue damage, possible cardiac effects
136
Fill in the blank: F paper reacts with ________ ions and ________.
Fluoride; hydrogen fluoride (HF)
137
What is the long-term danger of HF exposure?
Hypocalcemia (low calcium), cardiac arrest
138
What color change on F paper indicates fluoride?
Yellowish-white spot
139
What is a serious systemic symptom of HF exposure?
Cardiac arrhythmias
140
What are the symptoms of exposure to G nerve agents?
Muscle twitching, pinpoint pupils, difficulty breathing
141
What are the symptoms of exposure to H blister agents?
Blistering, severe burns, eye damage
142
What are the symptoms of exposure to V nerve agents?
Paralysis, convulsions, respiratory failure
143
Fill in the blank: M8 paper detects ________, ________, and ________ agents.
G nerve, H blister, V nerve
144
What causes yellow-gold on M8 paper?
G nerve agents (e.g., sarin)
145
What causes red-pink on M8 paper?
H blister agents (e.g., sulfur mustard)
146
What causes dark-green on M8 paper?
V nerve agents (e.g., VX)
147
What are the general signs of exposure to chemical warfare agents?
Burns, blisters, respiratory distress, seizures
148
What are the signs of nerve agent exposure?
Pinpoint pupils, drooling, convulsions
149
What are the signs of blister agent exposure?
Severe burns, blisters, lung damage
150
Fill in the blank: M9 paper turns ________ when detecting chemical agents.
Red, pink, reddish-brown, or purple
151
What can cause false positives on M9 paper?
Heat, grease, petroleum products
152
What is the main danger of nerve agent exposure?
Respiratory failure
153
How are M9 paper hits confirmed?
With an M256 kit
154
What is a key long-term effect of fluoride exposure not immediately visible?
Skeletal fluorosis, causing bone pain and stiffness.
155
How does HF exposure differ from other acids in damage?
HF penetrates deep into tissues, causing delayed pain and systemic toxicity.
156
Fill in the blank: The lethal dose of HF is approximately ________ mL of concentrated solution on the skin.
2.5 mL.
157
Why is rapid decontamination critical for nerve agents?
They bind irreversibly to enzymes, disrupting the nervous system.
158
What is the function of atropine in nerve agent exposure?
Blocks the effects of excess acetylcholine, reducing symptoms.
159
Why are false positives common with M9 paper in field conditions?
Contaminants like grease, oils, and decon solutions mimic chemical agent reactions.
160
How does sulfur mustard (H blister agent) cause damage?
Alkylates DNA, leading to cell death and delayed blisters.
161
What is the main reason G nerve agents are more volatile than V agents?
Lower molecular weight, causing faster evaporation and inhalation risk.
162
How does KI paper help differentiate between free chlorine and bound chlorine?
Only free chlorine reacts; bound chlorine (in chloramines) does not.
163
Why is pH paper unreliable in highly concentrated solutions?
Strong acids/bases can saturate the indicator, giving misleading results.
164
Ammonium Nitrate is an example of?
Nitrate
## Footnote
Commonly used as a fertilizer and in explosives; can detonate under heat or shock when contaminated.
165
Sodium Nitrate is an example of?
Nitrate
## Footnote
Used in food preservation and pyrotechnics; strong oxidizer that supports combustion.
166
Mercury Fulminate is an example of?
Shock Sensitive
## Footnote
Used in detonators; extremely sensitive to shock and friction.
167
Lead Azide is an example of?
Shock Sensitive
## Footnote
Commonly used in explosives; highly sensitive to shock.
168
Potassium Permanganate is an example of?
Oxidizer
## Footnote
Used for water treatment; intensifies combustion with organic materials.
169
Potassium Chlorate is an example of?
Oxidizer
## Footnote
Used in fireworks and explosives; reacts violently with fuels.
170
Hydrogen Peroxide (Concentrated) is an example of?
Peroxide
## Footnote
Used in bleaching and disinfecting; decomposes violently under heat or contamination.
171
Acetone Peroxide (TATP) is an example of?
Peroxide
## Footnote
Improvised explosive; highly sensitive to shock, friction, and heat.
