Rabies- One health Exemplar Flashcards
What family is rabies found in?
RHABDOVIRIDAE
What order is rabies found in?
Mononegavirales
How many species of rabies are there?
46 genera, 318 species
What do rabies infect?
vertebrates, invertebrates and plants
What is the genome organisation of rabies?
- Non-segmented 10-14kb
- 5 canonical genes
- 5-10 accessory genes
How is rabies transmitted?
In saliva via bites or scratches
* can also be transplanted directly
* some records of aerosol route
What does rabies cause?
Fatal encephalitis affecting all warm-blooded animals
What is the most important reservoir for rabies?
animal species
Dogs
What kind of virus is rabies?
- Negative-Sense
- Non-Segmented
- Single-Stranded RNA
What bat species does European bat lyssavirus type 1 effect?
Serotine bats
95% of cases
What bat species does European bat lyssavirus type 2 affect?
only 2 recorded cases
EBLV-2 - Daubenton’s and Pond bats)
What bat species does Bokeloh bat lyssavirus affect?
not detected in UK, but in france and germany
BBLV - Natterer’s bat
What are the 5 steps of lyssavirus replication?
- G-mediated fusion and cell entry (endocytosis)
- Uncoating of virion and release of viral RNA into the cytoplasm
- transcription of genees into + sense MrnA
- Assembly of RNP and budding from the plasma membrane
- No requirement for the nucleus
What are the 6 steps of rabies pathogenesis?
- Bite- slow multiplication of virus in muscle cells
- Rapid transport of virus genomes in the nerve axons
- Rapid virus spread within the CNS
- Massive virus replication in nerve cells
- Transport in nerve axons to salivary glands and other peripheral organs
- Massive virus replication in the salivary glands
What occurs in the prodomal phase of canine rabies?
- Behavioral changes
- Temperature rises
- Dilated pupils
- Excessive salivation
What are the clinical signs of the ‘furious form’ of canine rabies?
- Agitated/ agressive
- Phonation
- Difficulty swallowing
- Seizures
- Paralysis, Coma, Death
What are the clinical signs of the ‘dumb form’ of canine rabies?
- dropped jaw
- bone in throat
- incoordination, paralysis and death
Name 4 ways you can diagnose rabies post-mortem
- Fluorescent antibody test- detects virus antigens
- Rabies tissue culture test- detects live virus
- Histological staining- detects viral antigen or negri bodies
- Molecular assays- detects viral RNA
What test is most preferred for ante-mortem rabies samples?
PCR
* highly sensitive
* used to identify/ confirm sources of infection
How often should you give rabies vaccinations?
- Boost one year after primary vaccination
- Subsequent boost 3-5 years after
How can you prevent rabies post-exposure?
- Immediate washing of the wound in water
- Full course of vaccination as soon as possible
- do not suture
What is the only group licensed to hold rabies
APHA
- DEFRA funded
What do rabies virus look like?
- Rod/ Wand
- bacilliform/ bullet-shaped particle
What transmission route has not been recognised as viable?
Aerosol route
Why is rabies an under-reported disease?
- Cultural influences
- majority are undiagnosed
- those that reach hospitals are diagnosed with other diseases
What two things is rabies misdiagnosed for?
- Malaria
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome
What influences the rabies control in europe?
- Vaccination approach
- Comprehensiveness of campaigns
- Extent to which a territory is affected
How can you control rabies in wildlife?
- Multi-species reservoirs
- host switching may occur
- Oral vaccination
What are the risk factors in rabies-free zones
- Risk of importation
- Political instability
- Complacency through lack of border control
- emerging lyssaviruses
Can ‘rabies’ be eradicated?
- Human rabies can be reduced
- Wildlife rabies can be controlled
- Canine rabies can be eliminated
Why are bats not candidates for true eradication?
Their distribution and abundance
What three things are used in non-traditional medicine for rabies?
- Herbal remedies
- Black porous stone
- Ankle bracelet
What is the incubation of rabies?
7 days to many months
