Endocrine Pancreas Pathology Flashcards
Where do the endocrine cells secrete enzymes?
They secrete enzymes into the pancreatic duct
Where do Islet cells secrete hormones?
They secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
What are pancreatic islets?
Masses of endocrine tissue embedded within exocrine tissue of the pancreas
What is Nesidioblastosis?
Non-neoplastic proliferation of islet and ductular tissue -> typically an incidental finding
What is an insulinoma?
common neoplasm in the endocrine pancreas
What two hormones are trophic for acinar tissue?
- Insulin
- Pancreatic polypeptide
What two hormones are inhibitory?
- Somatostatin
*Glucagon
What is the function of the exocrine cells?
- Secrete enzymes directly into the pancreatic duct
What is the paracrine effects of the molecules facilitated by?
- insulo-acinar portal circulatory system where different afferent vessels predominantly flow through the islets before supplying the exocrine tissue
How can you easily identify/ study the major hormone producing islet cells?
Immunohistochemistry
What is the hormone size and function of glucagon?
- Acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis-> increases the blood glucose content
- polypeptide 3500 Da
What is the hormone size and function of insulin?
- Dimer of and chains with S-S bridges, 5700-6000 Da
- Acts on several tissues to cause entry of glucose into cells and promotes decrease of blood glucose content
What is the hormone size and function of somatostatin?
- Inhibits the release of other islet cell hormones through local paracrine action- inhibits the release of GH and TSH in the anterior pituitary and HCL secretion by gastric parietal
What is the size and function of pancreatic polypeptide?
- 4200 Da
- Stimualtes the activity of gastric chief cells, inhibits bile secretion, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion and intestinal mobility
What are the four classic clinical signs of diabetes?
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- Polyphagia
- Weight loss
When do the clinical signs of Dm show?
- Hyperglycaemai reaches a concentration that results in glycosuria
- typically a blood glucose concentration of 180-220 mg/dl in dogs and 220-270 mg/dl in cats
What are the typical treatment options for DM?
- Insulin injections
- Dietary modifications
- Correction of obesity
- Exercise in dogs
- Oral hypoglycaemic medications in cats
What is the most common/ recognised form of DM in the dog?
- Resembles type 1
- charcterised by permanent hypoinsulinaemia
What is the most common form of DM in cats?
- Type II
- Impaired insulin actions and b-cell failure
- environmental and genetic
What are the risk factors for DM in cats?
- Obesity
- Males have a higher risk than females
- physical activity
- indoor confinement
- administration of glucocorticoids and progestins
