Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VMS 2007 > Parathyroid Gland Pathology > Flashcards

Parathyroid Gland Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the chief cells?

A

they secrete PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the similarity and difference between calcitriol and PTH?

A
  • They both increase total body calcium
  • PTH is involved in the minute/ fine tuning of blood calcium
  • Calcitriol is more long term
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Decreases total body calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two clinical consequences of hypocalcaemia?

due to hypoparathyroidism

A
  • excessive neuromuscular tetany/ paresis in ruminants (milk fever)
  • Elevated phosphorus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name 4 clinical signs of hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Vomiting and anorexia due to hypercalcaemia
  2. polyuria/ polydipsia
  3. Generalised muscle weakness
  4. Fibrous osteodystrophy (osteolysis with fibrous tissue replacement)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In what animal species is fibrous osteodystrophy a common problem?

A

Common husbandry problem in reptiles
* Nutritional, Causes metabolic bone disease
* Animals have swollen jaws and limbs
* rubber jaw
* prone to fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does primary hyperparathyroidism look like?

A
  • Multinodular hyperplasia
  • Adenomas (these typically only affect one gland)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

When the glands themselves are fine but a problem in another organ causes them to secrete more PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name three things nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by

A
  • deficient dietary calcium
  • deficient vitamin D
  • Excess Phosphorus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Pseudohyperparathyroidism?

A

target organ resistance or unresponsiveness to PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy?

A
  • Certain tumours secrete PTH-like peptide
  • Has similiar effects to PTH
  • any tumour can produce PTHrp but some do it more frequently- e.g Lymphoma or apocrine gland anal sac adenoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the gross pathology of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an example of a problematic diet that may cause nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A

All meat diets in dogs and cats
* inadequate Vit D3 in new world primates
* grain diets in horses and goats
* all fruit or all meat diet in reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What three effects does calcitriol have?

A
  1. Increases calcium absorption
  2. Increases Calcum retention
  3. Increases osteoclasts resorption (FGF23 expression)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What two effects does FGF23 have?

A
  • Decreased PTH expression in the parathyroid
  • Inhibited phosphate resorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What four things cause hypoparathyroidism?

A
  1. Idipathic hypoparathyroidism
  2. Surgical removal/Trauma
  3. Destruction related to local inflammation
  4. Trophic atrophy
17
Q

What species are affected by hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • New world primates
  • Goats
  • Birds
  • Reptiles
18
Q

What effect does FGF23 have?

A
  • Occurs when there is increased phosphate retention
  • therefore decreases calcitriol
  • increases PTH levels
19
Q

What causes increased phosphate retention?

A
  • Decreased Glomerular filtration rate
  • Hyperphosphataemia then stimulates FGF23 secretion
20
Q

What is ‘milk fever’?

A

Hypocalcaemia and Hypophosphataemia near parturition due to increased Ca2+ and Phosphorus
* * causes paresis in cows and tetany in dogs (eclampsia and muscle spasms)

21
Q

What increases the risk of milk fever in cows?

A

High calcium diets

22
Q

What is the effect of PTH on the kidney?

A
  • Decreased phosphate resorption -> phosphaturia
  • Increased activity of 1-a-hydroxylase -> increase in active vitamin D
  • overall decreased phosphate and increased calcium
23
Q

What is the effect of PTH on the bones?

A

increased osteoclast and osteocyre activity
* causes long term osteoclast hyperplasia
* net increases phosphate as well

24
Q

What is the effect of calcitriol on the gut, kidney and bones respectively?

A
  • Increases calcium resorption in the gut
  • Increases calcium retention in the kidney
  • Increases osteoclast resorption in the bones (stimulates FGF23)
25
Q

What is the main role of FGF23?

A
  • Inhibitis phosphate resorption
  • inhibits 1-a-hydroxylase so there is less of teh active form of vit D (calcitriol)
  • also inhibits PTH
26
Q

What is the function of thyroid C-Cells?

A
  • Produce calcitonin in response to hypercalcaemia
  • respond to plasma concentrations of Ca2+
27
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A
  • Reduces blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts, increase in renal phosphate and Calcium secretion
  • opposes the effects of PTH
28
Q
A

VMS 2007 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions