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VMS 2007 > Pituitary Gland Pathology > Flashcards

Pituitary Gland Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

Hormones are on the cell itself

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2
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

Organs/ Glands comprised of cells that synthesise, store, secrete and release signalling molecules into the blood

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3
Q

What in cells makes polypeptides/ glycoproteins?

A

Ribosomes and the ER

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4
Q

What is the primary site of action for polypeptide hormones?

A

The plasma membrane as they are H2O soluble

half life = minutes

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5
Q

What is the basis of steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol based so they are lipid soluble- can diffuse through the cell membrane

T 1/2 = hours

function as nuclear receptors and transcription factors

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6
Q

What are catecholamines derived from?

A

Tyrosine derived

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7
Q

How is the pituitary formed embryologically?

A

Rathke’s pouch- they come together to form different parts of the pituitary

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8
Q

What are the two key concepts surrounding pituitary function?

A
  • the anterior pituitary produces most of the endocrine TROPHIC hormones in the body
  • the production of these hormones is under the control of releasing and inhibitory hormones produced by the hypothalamus
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9
Q

What three types of cells are in the pars distalis?

A
  • acidophils- peptides
  • basophils- glycoproteins
  • chromophobes- corticotrophs
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10
Q

What cell type is in the pars intermedia?

A

Chromophobes

proopiomelanocortin-> ACTH, a-MSH, b-endorphins

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11
Q

What is the function of releasing hormones?

A

Stimulates the release of trophic hormones

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12
Q

What is the function of inhibitory hormes?

A

Inhibits the release of trophic hormones

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13
Q

What two hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Oxytocin
  • ADH
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14
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates contraction of
myometrium, myoepithelium of
mammary gland

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15
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A
  • Stimulates the insertion of aquaporins into the renal tubule epithelia
  • increases urine osmolarity
  • decreases plasma osmolarity
  • arteriolar vasoconstriction
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16
Q

What is primary hyperfunction of the pituitary

A
  • usually hypersecretion of a hormone
  • typically neoplastic
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17
Q

What is secondary hyperfunction of the pituitary?

A
  • increased trophic or releasing hormones
  • or a decrease in inhibitroy hormones (more likely)
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18
Q

What is primary hypofunction of the pituitary?

A
  • Destruction, lack of formation of the secretory cells or a deficiency in the synthesis of the hormone
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19
Q

What is Juvenile panhypopituitarism

A

Failure of oropharyngeal ectoderm to differentiate into the
adenohypophysis

autosomal recessive inheritance

primary hypofunction

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20
Q

What is juvenile panhypopopiturasim most common in?

A

German shephards

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21
Q

What does failure of proper pituitary development result in?

A

prolonged gestation and abnormal adrenal function

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22
Q

What is the hypophyseal form of central diabetes?

A

inadequate secretion of ADH
* occurs due to destruction of the neurohypophysis
* compression from anterior pituitary masses

23
Q

What kind of hormones do acidophils secrete?

A

Peptide hormones

24
Q

What kind of hormones do basophils secrete?

A

glycoproteins

25
Q

What kind of hormones do chromophobes secrete?

A

Variable

26
Q

What dog breed is juvenile panhypopituitarism most common in?

A

German Shephards

27
Q

What is the Gross Pathology of Juvenile Panhypopituitarism?

A
  • Normal until around 2 months
  • Slow growth/ Retention of ‘puppy hair’
  • Fox or Coyote like
  • Delayed epiphysis closing
  • lack of genital development
28
Q

What does failure of proper pituitary development and signalling typically result in?

A

Prolonged gestation and abnormal adrenal function

29
Q

What are the two ways you can get failure of foetal endocrine function?

A
  • Genetic (aplasia of the adenohypophysis)
  • Toxic (malformations of the CNS) including the hypothalamus
30
Q

What does Cyclopamine (toxic principle in corn lillies) do to the CNS?

A

inhibits neural tube devlopment via impaired sonic hedgehog signalling

31
Q

What is synopthalmia and what plant causes it?

A
  • Clinical abnormality where both eyes are fused and can be seen centrally in the middle of the face
  • Caused by corn lillies
32
Q

What causes the hypophyseal form of DI neurohypophysis?

A
  • Destruction of the neurohypophysis
  • Compression from anterior pituitary masses
33
Q

What causes the nephrogenic form of DI neurophyophysis?

A
  • Inability to respond appropriately to ADH
  • occurs during kidney damage, rarely inherited
34
Q

What is the Clinical Presentation of DI neurohypophysis?

A
  • Excretion of large volumes of hypotonic urine
  • administration of ADH can be used to differentiate between hypophyseal and nephrogenic
35
Q

What is the most common cause of cortisol excess in dogs?

A

Adenohypophysis adenoma

ACTH-secreting adenoma

36
Q

What is a somatotroph?

A

GH secreting adenoma

37
Q

What may a nonfunctional adenoma do?

A

may destroy the remaining pituitary gland via compression, resulting in trophic atrophy of target organs

38
Q

What does equine Pituitary Pars Intermedaite dysfunction do?

A

Nodular hyperplasia and neoplasia of the pars intermedia

increases the PI hormones

39
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia dysfunction?

A
  • Degeneration of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons
  • Loss of inhibition on the PI
  • Hypertrophy/ hyperplasia
  • Compression of the overlying hypothalamus
40
Q

What is Hypophysitis?

A

Inflammation of the pituitary gland

41
Q

What are some examples of polypeptides/ Glycoproteins?

A
  • GH, PRL, ACTH, ADH, oxytocin
42
Q

What are some examples of Steroids?

A
  • Cortisol
  • Androgens
  • Aldosterone
43
Q

Where do catecholamines/ iodothyronines act?

A

Act at plasma membrane surface or intranuclear

have a variable half ife

44
Q

What are some examples of catecholamines?

A

epinephrin, norepinephrin, thyroxine

45
Q

What is secondary hypofunction?

A

When the pituitary produces a decreased amount of a trophic hormone

46
Q

What does the failure of pituitary development look like in cattle?

A

aplasia of the adenohypophysis

47
Q

What does corn lily do to the CNS?

A
  • malformation of the CNS including the hypothalamus
  • Cyclopamine is the toxic principle
  • inhibits neural tube development via sonci hedgehog signalling
48
Q

What is the nephrogenic form of DI?

A

Inability to respond appropriately to ADH
occurs due to kidney damage- rarely inherited

49
Q

What is the clinical presentation of the nephrogenic form of DI?

A
  • excretion of large volumes of hypotonci urine (polyuria) with increased drining (polydipsia)
  • administration of exogenous ADH
50
Q

What is the most common cause of systemic cortsiol excess in dogs?

A

Cortocotroph adenoma

they must demonstarte metastasis

to be classified as pituitary carcinoma

51
Q

What is the sequelae to corticotroph?

A

adrenal cortical hyperplasia

52
Q

What does a somatotroph cause?

A
  • Acromegaly (too much GH)
  • reported in dogs, cats and sheep
53
Q

What is hypophysitis?

A

inflammation of the pituiatry gland

VMS 2007 (28 decks)

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