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VMS 2007 > Eye Pathology I > Flashcards

Eye Pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the eyelid?

A
  • Protection
  • Distribution of the tear film
  • removal of excess tears and foreign material
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2
Q

What are the fornices?

A

Areas where the conjunctiva forms small pockets

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3
Q

What are the two main functions of the conjunctiva?

A
  • Secretory- mucous contributions to the tear film
  • Immunity- CALT which is part of the mucousal associated lymphoid tissue system
  • Stem Cells that migrate from the conjunctiva to the site of injury
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4
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid tissue found in the eye?

A
  • Mucousal
  • Diffuse lymphoid tissue
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5
Q

What occurs to the antigen in mucousal lymphocytes?

A
  • The antigen is taken up by APC’s and then presented to the lymphocytes
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6
Q

What cells are mainly in the diffuse lymphoid tissue?

A

Mainly cytotoxic CD8+ cells
Plasma cells that produce igA antibodies

effector tissue

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7
Q

What is the gross appearance of the conjunctiva?

A
  • Smooth
  • Shiny
  • Can be pigmented
  • Visible mobile blood vessels (salmon pink colour but is its whiter over the globe)
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8
Q

What is the main function of the sclera?

A
  • External support to the globe contents
  • movement of globe acts as an insertion point for extraocular muscles
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9
Q

What is the function of the third eyelid?

A
  • Protection of the cornea
  • Distribution of the tear film
  • Nicitans gland contributes around 30-40% of the aqueous component of the tear film
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10
Q

What composes the lacrimal system?

e.g the two main functions

A

Tear Production and tear drainage

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11
Q

What are the three components of the tear film?

A
  • Mucus- goblet cells in the conjunctiva
  • Aqueous- lacrimal gland in the upper eyelid and nicitans gland in the third eyelid
  • Lipid- meibomian glands on the eyelid margin
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12
Q

What are meibomian glands?

A

large sebaceous glands present in the eyelids which secrete lipids that form the superficial layer of the tear film

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13
Q

What are the four functions of the tear film?

A
  1. Lubrication
  2. Immune modulation
  3. removal of debris
  4. Nutrition to the cornea
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14
Q

What is endotropion?

A

Internal rolling in of the eyelid

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15
Q

What is ectropion?

A

External rolling out of the eyelid

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16
Q

What causes endotropion/ ectropion?

A
  • Congenital
  • Developmental
  • Trauma
  • Inflammation
  • Iatrogenic (poor surgical technique)
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17
Q

What is distichia?

A
  • abnormal hairs arising from the meibomian gland and exciting out of the eyelid margin
18
Q

What is ectopic cillia?

A

Abnormal hairs arising from the meibomian gland but exciting out of the palpebral conjunctiva

19
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

Inflammation of the eyelids

20
Q

What is chalazonian?

A

small lump or cyst develops on the eye due to a blocked oil gland
* response to the leakage of meibomian gland secretions
* leakage of lipid into the subconjunctival space
* chronic inflammation leads to calcification of the gland and surrounding tissue

21
Q

What is a stye?

A

Suppurative inflammation of the adnexal glands

22
Q

What causes parasitic blepharitis?

A

Demodex and sarcoptes scabei

23
Q

What causes idiopathic blepharitis?

A
  • Predominantly macrophages and neutrophils
  • it is not associated with adnexal structures and there is no identifiable agent
24
Q

What is the protrusion of the nicitans gland also called?

A

Cherry eye

25
Q

What happens when there is a decrease in laxity of the ligament that holds the nicitans gland in place?

A

Nicitans gland ‘pops’ out
causes cherry eye

26
Q

What are the two causes of conjunctivitis?

A
  • Infectious- e.g bacterial, viral
  • non-infectious- allergies, environmental irritants
27
Q

What is the most common cause of non-infectious canine conjunctivitis?

A

Dry eye is the most common in dogs
local irritation is also common

any type of eyelid abnormality

28
Q

What is the main virus that causes conjunctivitis in cats?

A

Feline Herpes Virus

29
Q

What is Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis?

A
  • Caused by Moraxella bovis
  • causes ‘pink-eye’
  • pilli allow epithelial treatment
30
Q

What is Immune-Mediated Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca?

A

the body recognises self-antigens in the lacrimal gland
starts a T-Cell response against the antigens
decreases the tear film quantity and quality

31
Q

When should you use a schirmer tear test?

A

in all mucky and red eyes

32
Q

What are some common causes of dry eye?

A
  • Developmental KCS
  • Metabolic
  • Neurological Inflammation/ Infection
33
Q

What species usually gets retained spectacles and why?

A

Snakes
* due to poor environment
* lack of correct humidity

34
Q

What is the difference between a stye and a chalazonian?

A
  • Chalazonian is granulomatous inflammation
  • Stye is Suppurative inflammation
35
Q

What does Feline Herpes Virus Cause in cats?

A
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Keratitis
  • Upper Respiratory Disease in Young Cats
36
Q

What may cause blepharitis?

A
  • Bacterial
  • Mycotic
  • Parasitic
  • Protozoal
  • Immune-mediated
37
Q

What are the clinical signs of conjunctivitis?

A
  • Hyperaemic/ Edematous coonjunctiva (vasodilation/ increased blood flow)
  • Lymphoid follicles
  • Ulceration
  • Fibrosis
38
Q

What does FHV-1 cause in cats?

A
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Keratitis
  • URD
  • Superficial ulcers
39
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the T-Cell response in immune mediated sicca?

A
  • immune system becomes overeactive and starts attacking its own tissues
  • white blood cells accuulate in the lacrimal gland
  • inflammation of the lacrimal gland
  • ability to produce tears is diminished
40
Q

What are the results of the schirmer tear test?

A
  • Less than 10= insufficient tear production
  • 20= normal tear production

VMS 2007 (28 decks)

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