Quizzes 2 And 3

Question 1

Which of the following glial cells are important in synaptic pruning during brain development?

Answer 1

Microglial cells

Question 2

Which of the following proteins is shown to be associated with the excess production of synapses in autism patients?

Answer 2

MTOR

Question 3

Which of the following statements is false?
A. Methylmercury can cross the blood-brain barrier as a Methylmercury-amino acid complex
B. Dental amalgam is made of liquid mercury and a powder containing silver, tin, copper, zinc, and other metals
C. Mercury can directly affect the neurotransmitters and the destruction of the structural framework of neurons
D. Inorganic mercury cannot cross the blood-brain barrier of the developing brain

Answer 3

D. Inorganic mercury cannot cross the blood-brain barrier of the developing brain

It can pass, just very slowly

Question 4

Which one of the proteins is a synaptic cell-adhesion protein that connects presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at synapses?

Answer 4

Neurexins

Question 5

which of the following is not an apoptotic protein?
A. Bcl-2
B. Bad
C. BAX
D. BIM

Answer 5

A. Bcl-2

Question 6

Which one of the following autism spectrum disorders is characterized by a rare genetic neurological disorder affecting brain development?

Answer 6

Rhett’s disorder

Question 7

Mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins are known to be altered in autism brain. Which one of the following is the mitochondrial fission protein?

Answer 7

Drp1

Question 8

True or False: Gestational exposure to particulate matter causes the decrease in the expression of caspases, especially the regulation of the inflammatory cytokines in hippocampus.

Answer 8

False (increase caspase expression would lead to apoptosis, and PM exposure increases apoptosis)

Question 9

Which one of the following statements is not true in affecting brain development with lead exposure?
A. Excitotoxicity
B. Apoptosis
C. Adverse affects of glial cells
D. Less ROS formation

Answer 9

D. Less ROS formation

(it would be much more ROS formation if it were true)

Question 10

Which of the following is true in the involvement of sonic Hedgehog (SHH) during brain development?
A. Cellular proliferation
B. Epigenetic modification
C. Cytokines production
D. Myelination

Answer 10

A. Cellular proliferation

Question 11

Which one of the following neurotransmitters is used by cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system?

Answer 11

Acetylcholine

Question 12

True or False: Mushroom spines have mostly smaller heads that are involved in synaptic transmission important in learning and memory functions.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders is associated with:

A. impairments in electron transport complexes
B. oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species
C. mutations in mitochondrial DNA
D. All of the above

Answer 13

D. All of the above

Question 14

True or False: the epigenetic modifications in individuals with autism are shown to have DNA methylation. this process adds a -CH3 group to the segment of DNA that affects the function of the gene involved in autism

Answer 14

True

Question 15

which of the following factors is true in determining the health effects of mercury?

A. the age the person exposed
B. the route of exposure
C. the chemical form and the dose
D. All of the above

Answer 15

D. All of the above

Question 16

Which of the following mitochondrial proteins is not required caspases for causing the apoptosis?
A. Cytochrome C
B. smac
C. Endonuclease G
D. None of the above

Answer 16

D. None of the above

Question 17

True or False: in apoptosis, the inflamed and swollen cells lyses and ingested by macrophages

Answer 17

False

Question 18

Which one of the Bcl-2 family members is shown to be unregulated during the development of early embryogenesis?

Answer 18

MCL-1

Question 19

True or false: In the developing brain, during the synaptogenesis, the entry of calcium ions through the NMDA receptor play a critical role in cellular mechanisms for learning and memory.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

True or False: The Bcl-2 family memberss Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL are shown the release several mitochondrial apoptosis proteins including Cytochrome C.

Answer 20

False (Bax and Bak do)

Question 21

which one of the following is the initiator caspases in the execution of extrinsic apoptosis?

Answer 21

Caspase 8

Question 22

Which of the following is false?
A. Mercury has toxic effects on the nervous and immune systems
B. Exposure to small amounts of mercury is not a threat to the development of the child in utero and early in life
C. When mercury deposits into lakes and rivers, it is converted to methyl mercury by the methylating activity of sulphate reducing bacteria
D. Methylmercury enters the aquatic food chin and bioaccumulates in fish and sea mammals

Answer 22

B

Question 23

True or False: Mercury, a transition metal, is less reactive than alkali metals with a bad conductor of heat.

Answer 23

False: mercury and other transition metals are generally good conductors

Question 24

True or False: apoptosis causes no fragmentation of nucleus while necrosis is associated with chromatin condensation and DNA Fragmentation

Answer 24

False: Apoptosis is associated with fragmentation of nucleus AND chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation

Question 25

True or False: Fetal alcohol syndrome is always associated with brain damage and is considered as an inherited disorder

Answer 25

false

Question 26

Which one of the following is correct for the dendritic spines in its function? A. Mushroom spines involves in learning and memory formation B. Mushroom spines have more receptors C. Mushroom spines mediate stronger synaptic transmission D. All of the above

Answer 26

D

Question 27

True or False: The symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorders (FASD) are generally associated with cranio-facial abnormalities and growth-related disorder

Answer 27

True

Question 28

In 1932 until 1968, or of the factories in Japan discharged wastewater that contained mercury into Minimata Bay, Japan. The form of mercury was:

Answer 28

Methylmercuy

Question 29

which one of the following ion channel proteins is involved in learning and memory function and important for controlling synaptic plasticity?

Answer 29

NMDA receptor

Question 30

which one of the following can be affected by lead during child’s development? A. brain development B. slowed growth and retardation C. learning and behavior problems D. All of the above

Answer 30

D. All of the above

Question 31

True or False: Alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde by the enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

Answer 31

False, it should be alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

Question 32

True or False: Methylmercury causes the inhibition of cell proliferation in the developing brain by increasing the activation of apoptosis marker caspase 3 as well as the decrease in the cell cycle regulator

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Which of the following is not true in fetal alcohol syndrome during a child’s development? A. Flat mid face B. Large eye opening C. Hypoplastic philtrum D. Small chin

Answer 33

B. Large eye opening

Question 34

True or False: Fetal alcohol syndrome disorders are associated with the parietal lobe lesions of the developing brain in children

Answer 34

False (it should be frontal lobe regions)

Question 35

which of the following is involved in transmitting neural messages between the two brain hemispheres?

Answer 35

Corpus callosum

Question 36

True or False: children with fetal alcohol syndrome have hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. this corpus callosum is formed by neuronal cells in the brain

Answer 36

False: the corpus callosum is formed by axons, not neural cell bodies

Question 37

True or False: Prenatal and perinatal lead exposure in rats are shown to increase nuclear DBf2- related 1/2 kinase (NDR1/2 kinase) expression correlate with increase spine maintenance

Answer 37

False

Question 38

which one of the following statements is true in the developing brain? A. Low levels of GSH concentrations B. High levels of unsaturated fatty acids C. High levels of metals catalyzing free radical formation D. All of the above

Answer 38

D

Question 39

Which of the following receptors have higher affinity for glutamate as well as higher permeability for calcium ion? A. GABA receptor B. Acetylcholine receptor C.Dopamine receptors D. None of the above

Answer 39

D

Question 40

True or False: dental amalgam releases high levels of inorganic mercury in the form of vapor that can be easily inhaled to be toxic in the brain

Answer 40

False - Mercury released is in the elemental form, not inorganic - High levels are not released. It is low enough to not be toxic in the brain