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Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half > Powerpoint (air pollution) > Flashcards

Powerpoint (air pollution) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of air pollution?

A
  • Particulates
  • NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
  • O3 (ozone)
  • CO (carbon monoxide)
  • Lead (Pb)
  • Hydro-carbons (HC)
  • SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
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2
Q

What are the sources of air pollution emissions?

A
  • Natural
  • Area
  • Stationary
  • Mobile
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3
Q

what is Smog?

A

Ground-level Ozone (O3)

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4
Q

How is ground-level ozone formed?

A

by a chemical reaction between volatile organic compounds (VCOs) and various oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the presence of sunlight

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5
Q

under what conditions can ozone reach unhealthy levels?

A

When the weather is hot and sunny with little to no wind

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6
Q

what are examples of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?

A
  • benzene
  • toluene
  • ethylbenzene
  • xylene
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7
Q

what is a complex mixture of particles and droplets in the air, consisting of a variety of components including inorganic and organic compounds, soil, acids, and dust etc.?

A

particulate matter

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8
Q

air pollutants contribute to brain effects through what two main routes?

A
  1. Nasal pathway
  2. Respiratory intake pathway
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9
Q

When air pollutants enter via the nasal pathway, how does it work?

A

air pollutants enter through inhalation and cross the olfactory mucosa to reach the brain directly

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10
Q

When air pollutants enter via the respiratory pathway, how does it work?

A

air pollutants enter the brain by passing from the lungs into the bloodstream and through the blood brain barrier

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11
Q

What happens to the brain structure as a result of exposure to air pollution?

A
  • causes child brain structural alterations of the cerebral cortex
  • thinner cortex in several brain regions
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12
Q

What happens to the child’s functioning as a result of exposure to air pollution?

A
  • impaired child neurodevelopment
  • impairment of an essential executive function involving inhibitory control
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13
Q

What happens to the size of the volume, PV+ neurons, and proliferation in the cortex with in-utero PM exposure?

A

They decrease

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14
Q

what happens to apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes in the cortex of in-utero PM exposure?

A

it increases

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15
Q

in in-utero corpus callosum PM exposure, does the OPC (oligodendrocyte precursor cell) expansion level increase or decrease?

A

decrease

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16
Q

in in-utero corpus callosum PM exposure, does the OPC maturation and myelination level decrease or increase?

A

increase

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17
Q

in in-utero PM exposure in the DG/SGZ, what happens to the level of proliferation and dendritic complexity?

A

they decrease

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18
Q

in in-utero PM exposure in the DG/SGZ, what happens to the level of apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes?

A

they increase

19
Q

does NSC/intermediate progenitor proliferation increase or decrease after Adult PM exposure?

A

decrease

20
Q

what happens to the levels of survival, acquisition of mature markers, and dendritic complexity in newborn neurons that have Adult PM exposure?

A

they decrease

21
Q

What are the reasons why pre-natal focus is important in regards to air pollution affects on neurodevelopment?

A
  • critical periods of development
  • higher opportunities for prevention
  • placental dysfunction a mechanism
  • opportunities for early brain imaging
  • better assessment of exposure
  • origin of developmental disease
22
Q

Pollutants may affect other organ systems _______, ______ affect CNS development

A

Indirectly, adversely

23
Q

What are of the brain is the DG/SGZ important to?

A

The Hippocampus

24
Q

What kind of behavioral problems are associated with prenatal exposure to air pollutants?

A

ADHD and ASD (Autism spectrum disorder)

25
Q

True or false: A developing brain is more susceptible to injury

A

True

26
Q

Presence of pollutants in the placenta can impair the pre-natal brain development through…

A

Affecting placental function, foetal growth restriction, and systemic oxidative stress

27
Q

systemic inflammation caused by large, fine, and ultra fine particulate matter leads to the activation of what that is not needed for the developing brain?

A
  • Microglia Activation
  • Astrocyte Activation
  • Neuronal Death
  • Reactive Oxygen Stress (ROS)
28
Q

What are inflammatory cytokines caused by?

A

Any environmental toxicant (lead, mercury, etc.)

29
Q

Inflammatory sequence of air pollutants (inflammatory cytokines slide)

A

Exposure —> breakdown of epithelial barriers —> increased immune activity —> neuroinflammation and cell loss

30
Q

Rodent early life exposure leads to what 4 things?

A
  1. Neuroinflammation
  2. Oxidative stress
  3. Neurotransmitters inhibition
  4. Mitochondrial dysfunction
31
Q

Inhaled airborne particulate matter via nasal epithelium affected which brain area?

A

Prefrontal cortex

32
Q

That passage of pollution in blood serum through the blood brain barrier affected which brain area?

A

The brainstem

33
Q

What does air pollution lead to?

A
  • neuroinflammaiton
  • oxidative stress
  • microglial activation
  • cerebrovascular dysfunction
  • and changes in BBB
34
Q

What happens if there is damage to the parenchyma?

A

apoptosis

35
Q

What is TNF alpha for? What happens if TNF alpha is activated?

A

= needed for functioning maintenance of neuron

= it leads to inflammation

36
Q

Which of the following is presynaptic?

protein synaptophysin or PSD95

A

protein synaptophysin

37
Q

Which of the following is postsynaptic?

protein synaptophysin or PSD95

A

PSD95

38
Q

What does protein synaptophysin involve?

A

calcium binding and vesical gets activated

39
Q

What are the potential mechanisms of air pollution toxicity?

A
  • neuroinflammation
  • alterations in immune system responses
  • direct toxic effects
40
Q

Gestational exposure to particulate matter leads to ?

A

spatial memory dysfunction and neurodevelopmental impairment in hippocampus of mice offspring

41
Q

genstation exposure to particulate matter is involved in the activation of apoptotic caspases ________

A

3, 8, and 9

42
Q

What types of caspases are these?

3=
8=
9-

A

3 = intermediate with cell nucleus

8= initiator

9= intermediate (between mitochronrion)

43
Q

What easily crosses the BBB and placental and directly access the CNS due to high lipid solubility?

A

benzopyrene

44
Q
A

Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half (11 decks)

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