Powerpoint (air pollution) Flashcards
What are the main components of air pollution?
- Particulates
- NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
- O3 (ozone)
- CO (carbon monoxide)
- Lead (Pb)
- Hydro-carbons (HC)
- SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
What are the sources of air pollution emissions?
- Natural
- Area
- Stationary
- Mobile
what is Smog?
Ground-level Ozone (O3)
How is ground-level ozone formed?
by a chemical reaction between volatile organic compounds (VCOs) and various oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the presence of sunlight
under what conditions can ozone reach unhealthy levels?
When the weather is hot and sunny with little to no wind
what are examples of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?
- benzene
- toluene
- ethylbenzene
- xylene
what is a complex mixture of particles and droplets in the air, consisting of a variety of components including inorganic and organic compounds, soil, acids, and dust etc.?
particulate matter
air pollutants contribute to brain effects through what two main routes?
- Nasal pathway
- Respiratory intake pathway
When air pollutants enter via the nasal pathway, how does it work?
air pollutants enter through inhalation and cross the olfactory mucosa to reach the brain directly
When air pollutants enter via the respiratory pathway, how does it work?
air pollutants enter the brain by passing from the lungs into the bloodstream and through the blood brain barrier
What happens to the brain structure as a result of exposure to air pollution?
- causes child brain structural alterations of the cerebral cortex
- thinner cortex in several brain regions
What happens to the child’s functioning as a result of exposure to air pollution?
- impaired child neurodevelopment
- impairment of an essential executive function involving inhibitory control
What happens to the size of the volume, PV+ neurons, and proliferation in the cortex with in-utero PM exposure?
They decrease
what happens to apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes in the cortex of in-utero PM exposure?
it increases
in in-utero corpus callosum PM exposure, does the OPC (oligodendrocyte precursor cell) expansion level increase or decrease?
decrease
in in-utero corpus callosum PM exposure, does the OPC maturation and myelination level decrease or increase?
increase
in in-utero PM exposure in the DG/SGZ, what happens to the level of proliferation and dendritic complexity?
they decrease
in in-utero PM exposure in the DG/SGZ, what happens to the level of apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes?
they increase
does NSC/intermediate progenitor proliferation increase or decrease after Adult PM exposure?
decrease
what happens to the levels of survival, acquisition of mature markers, and dendritic complexity in newborn neurons that have Adult PM exposure?
they decrease
What are the reasons why pre-natal focus is important in regards to air pollution affects on neurodevelopment?
- critical periods of development
- higher opportunities for prevention
- placental dysfunction a mechanism
- opportunities for early brain imaging
- better assessment of exposure
- origin of developmental disease
Pollutants may affect other organ systems _______, ______ affect CNS development
Indirectly, adversely
What are of the brain is the DG/SGZ important to?
The Hippocampus
What kind of behavioral problems are associated with prenatal exposure to air pollutants?
ADHD and ASD (Autism spectrum disorder)
True or false: A developing brain is more susceptible to injury
True
Presence of pollutants in the placenta can impair the pre-natal brain development through…
Affecting placental function, foetal growth restriction, and systemic oxidative stress
systemic inflammation caused by large, fine, and ultra fine particulate matter leads to the activation of what that is not needed for the developing brain?
- Microglia Activation
- Astrocyte Activation
- Neuronal Death
- Reactive Oxygen Stress (ROS)
What are inflammatory cytokines caused by?
Any environmental toxicant (lead, mercury, etc.)
Inflammatory sequence of air pollutants (inflammatory cytokines slide)
Exposure —> breakdown of epithelial barriers —> increased immune activity —> neuroinflammation and cell loss
Rodent early life exposure leads to what 4 things?
- Neuroinflammation
- Oxidative stress
- Neurotransmitters inhibition
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
Inhaled airborne particulate matter via nasal epithelium affected which brain area?
Prefrontal cortex
That passage of pollution in blood serum through the blood brain barrier affected which brain area?
The brainstem
What does air pollution lead to?
- neuroinflammaiton
- oxidative stress
- microglial activation
- cerebrovascular dysfunction
- and changes in BBB
What happens if there is damage to the parenchyma?
apoptosis
What is TNF alpha for? What happens if TNF alpha is activated?
= needed for functioning maintenance of neuron
= it leads to inflammation
Which of the following is presynaptic?
protein synaptophysin or PSD95
protein synaptophysin
Which of the following is postsynaptic?
protein synaptophysin or PSD95
PSD95
What does protein synaptophysin involve?
calcium binding and vesical gets activated
What are the potential mechanisms of air pollution toxicity?
- neuroinflammation
- alterations in immune system responses
- direct toxic effects
Gestational exposure to particulate matter leads to ?
spatial memory dysfunction and neurodevelopmental impairment in hippocampus of mice offspring
genstation exposure to particulate matter is involved in the activation of apoptotic caspases ________
3, 8, and 9
What types of caspases are these?
3=
8=
9-
3 = intermediate with cell nucleus
8= initiator
9= intermediate (between mitochronrion)
What easily crosses the BBB and placental and directly access the CNS due to high lipid solubility?
benzopyrene
