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Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half > Powerpoint (air pollution) > Flashcards

Powerpoint (air pollution) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of air pollution?

A
  • Particulates
  • NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
  • O3 (ozone)
  • CO (carbon monoxide)
  • Lead (Pb)
  • Hydro-carbons (HC)
  • SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
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2
Q

What are the sources of air pollution emissions?

A
  • Natural
  • Area
  • Stationary
  • Mobile
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3
Q

what is Smog?

A

Ground-level Ozone (O3)

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4
Q

How is ground-level ozone formed?

A

by a chemical reaction between volatile organic compounds (VCOs) and various oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the presence of sunlight

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5
Q

under what conditions can ozone reach unhealthy levels?

A

When the weather is hot and sunny with little to no wind

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6
Q

what are examples of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?

A
  • benzene
  • toluene
  • ethylbenzene
  • xylene
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7
Q

what is a complex mixture of particles and droplets in the air, consisting of a variety of components including inorganic and organic compounds, soil, acids, and dust etc.?

A

particulate matter

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8
Q

air pollutants contribute to brain effects through what two main routes?

A
  1. Nasal pathway
  2. Respiratory intake pathway
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9
Q

When air pollutants enter via the nasal pathway, how does it work?

A

air pollutants enter through inhalation and cross the olfactory mucosa to reach the brain directly

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10
Q

When air pollutants enter via the respiratory pathway, how does it work?

A

air pollutants enter the brain by passing from the lungs into the bloodstream and through the blood brain barrier

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11
Q

What happens to the brain structure as a result of exposure to air pollution?

A
  • causes child brain structural alterations of the cerebral cortex
  • thinner cortex in several brain regions
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12
Q

What happens to the child’s functioning as a result of exposure to air pollution?

A
  • impaired child neurodevelopment
  • impairment of an essential executive function involving inhibitory control
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13
Q

What happens to the size of the volume, PV+ neurons, and proliferation in the cortex with in-utero PM exposure?

A

They decrease

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14
Q

what happens to apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes in the cortex of in-utero PM exposure?

A

it increases

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15
Q

in in-utero corpus callosum PM exposure, does the OPC (oligodendrocyte precursor cell) expansion level increase or decrease?

A

decrease

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16
Q

in in-utero corpus callosum PM exposure, does the OPC maturation and myelination level decrease or increase?

A

increase

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17
Q

in in-utero PM exposure in the DG/SGZ, what happens to the level of proliferation and dendritic complexity?

A

they decrease

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18
Q

in in-utero PM exposure in the DG/SGZ, what happens to the level of apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes?

A

they increase

19
Q

does NSC/intermediate progenitor proliferation increase or decrease after Adult PM exposure?

20
Q

what happens to the levels of survival, acquisition of mature markers, and dendritic complexity in newborn neurons that have Adult PM exposure?

A

they decrease

21
Q

What are the reasons why pre-natal focus is important in regards to air pollution affects on neurodevelopment?

A
  • critical periods of development
  • higher opportunities for prevention
  • placental dysfunction a mechanism
  • opportunities for early brain imaging
  • better assessment of exposure
  • origin of developmental disease
22
Q

Pollutants may affect other organ systems _______, ______ affect CNS development

A

Indirectly, adversely

23
Q

What are of the brain is the DG/SGZ important to?

A

The Hippocampus

24
Q

What kind of behavioral problems are associated with prenatal exposure to air pollutants?

A

ADHD and ASD (Autism spectrum disorder)

25
True or false: A developing brain is more susceptible to injury
True
26
Presence of pollutants in the placenta can impair the pre-natal brain development through…
Affecting placental function, foetal growth restriction, and systemic oxidative stress
27
systemic inflammation caused by large, fine, and ultra fine particulate matter leads to the activation of what that is not needed for the developing brain?
- Microglia Activation - Astrocyte Activation - Neuronal Death - Reactive Oxygen Stress (ROS)
28
What are inflammatory cytokines caused by?
Any environmental toxicant (lead, mercury, etc.)
29
Inflammatory sequence of air pollutants (inflammatory cytokines slide)
Exposure —> breakdown of epithelial barriers —> increased immune activity —> neuroinflammation and cell loss
30
Rodent early life exposure leads to what 4 things?
1. Neuroinflammation 2. Oxidative stress 3. Neurotransmitters inhibition 4. Mitochondrial dysfunction
31
Inhaled airborne particulate matter via nasal epithelium affected which brain area?
Prefrontal cortex
32
That passage of pollution in blood serum through the blood brain barrier affected which brain area?
The brainstem
33
What does air pollution lead to?
- neuroinflammaiton - oxidative stress - microglial activation - cerebrovascular dysfunction - and changes in BBB
34
What happens if there is damage to the parenchyma?
apoptosis
35
What is TNF alpha for? What happens if TNF alpha is activated?
= needed for functioning maintenance of neuron = it leads to inflammation
36
Which of the following is presynaptic? protein synaptophysin or PSD95
protein synaptophysin
37
Which of the following is postsynaptic? protein synaptophysin or PSD95
PSD95
38
What does protein synaptophysin involve?
calcium binding and vesical gets activated
39
What are the potential mechanisms of air pollution toxicity?
- neuroinflammation - alterations in immune system responses - direct toxic effects
40
Gestational exposure to particulate matter leads to ?
spatial memory dysfunction and neurodevelopmental impairment in hippocampus of mice offspring
41
genstation exposure to particulate matter is involved in the activation of apoptotic caspases ________
3, 8, and 9
42
What types of caspases are these? 3= 8= 9-
3 = intermediate with cell nucleus 8= initiator 9= intermediate (between mitochronrion)
43
What easily crosses the BBB and placental and directly access the CNS due to high lipid solubility?
benzopyrene
44

Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half (11 decks)

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