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Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half > PowerPoint 15 > Flashcards

PowerPoint 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of preventable birth defects and mental retardation?

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrom

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2
Q

What is the leading known environmental teratogen?

A

Ethanol

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3
Q

What is the difference between FAS and FASD?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome = dysmorphic FASD

FASD = fetal alcohol spectrum disorder = umbrella term

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4
Q

What three classes are symptoms of FASD put into?

A

1) growth deficiency (prenatal and/or postnatal)
2) cranio-facial abnormalities
3) CNS dysfunction

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5
Q

What are the 5 diagnoses under the FASD umbrella?

A

1) FAS with confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure
2) FAS without confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure
3) pFAS (partial FAS)
4) Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)
5) Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD)

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6
Q

What are these symptoms of?

Facial deformities, growth retardation, severe nervous system effects and reduced intelligence

A

FAS

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7
Q

is Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE) better or worse than FAS?

A

it is a milder form, but it still has serious nervous system effects

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8
Q

What are other neuro disorders that might be brought about or exacerbated by prenatal alcohol exposure?

A
  • bipolar disorder
  • other psychotic disorder
  • schizophrenia
  • autism spectrum disorder
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9
Q

What are additional features that can be associated with FAS?

A
  • cleft lip
  • cleft palate
  • skull malformations
  • brain malformations
  • Low IQ
  • behavioral problems
  • small head
  • impaired fine motor function
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10
Q

What does ARND (alcohol related neurodrvelopmental disorder) =?

A

FASD

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11
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

Abnormally small head

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12
Q

What is microencephaly?

A

Abnormally small brain

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13
Q

Loss of what kind of function occurs as a result of FASD?

A

Executive function

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14
Q

Damage to which brain area is associated with FASD and loss of executive function?

A

Frontal lobe defects

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15
Q

True or False: every person with FAS/FASD has mental retardation

A

False

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16
Q

True or False: clinical signs of FAS are essentially permanent

A

True

17
Q

True or False: a drinking father directly causes FAS

A

False

18
Q

True or false: FAS is an inherited disorder

A

False

19
Q

True or False: FAS always involved brain damage

A

True

20
Q

What is agenesis of the corpus callosum?

A

Failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development due to the absence of primordial tissue

21
Q

What are some of the behavioral deficits of someone with primary callosal agenesis

A
  • impaired social skills
  • poor personal insight
  • emotional immaturity
  • lack of introspection
  • general deficits in social judgement and planning
  • poor communication of emotions
  • unable to see others’ perspectives
  • unable to efficiently plan and execute daily activities
22
Q

What is Hypoplasia

A

Cerebellum is smaller than usual and is not completely developed

23
Q

Glial cell functions in hypoplasia/agenesis

A
  • corpus callosum initially formed by glial cells
  • glial cells produce neurotrophic factors
  • glial cells control local production of cholesterol in the CNS
  • Cholesterol is needed in membrane formation and maintenance
24
Q

At what temperature does mercury evaporate?

A

Room temperature

25
Q

What are the different forms of mercury that are naturally occurring?

A
  • elemental or metallic Hg
  • inorganic Hg
  • Organic Hg
26
Q

Which comes first in the process from mercury to methymercury, biotransformation or bioaccumulation?

A

Biotransformation

27
Q

What is the most frequently encountered form of mercury that is formed by microorganism methylation?

A

Methylmercury

28
Q

Can mercury touch the blood brain barrier?

A

No! It must be mediated by the neutral amino acid carrier system as a meh-cysteine complex

29
Q

What are the natural sources of mercury?

A
  • natural degassing of the earth including volcanoes
  • combustion of fossil fuels
  • industrial discharges and wastes
  • incineration and crematories
  • dental amalgams
30
Q

What was the kind of diet invovled in the CNS disease in Minamata disease related to?

A

Fish diets

31
Q

What are the factors that determine the health effects of mercury?

A
  • the type of mercury concerned
  • the dose
  • the age or developmental stage of the person exposed
  • the duration of the exposure
  • the route of exposure
32
Q

What are very sensitive to methylmercury toxicity?

A

Neural stem cells

33
Q

Notch prevents ______ from differentiating

A

NSCs

34
Q

______________ acts through stimulation of Notch to inhibit neuronal differentiation

A

Methylmercury

35
Q

methylmercury increased the activiation of the apoptosis marker __________ which was associated with a decrease in cyclin E, crucial for S phase of the cell cycle

A

Caspase 3

36
Q

What are the additional effects of methylmercury?

A
  • impaired mitochondrial function
  • generation of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • alteration of intracellular calcium ion homeostasis

Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half (11 decks)

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