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Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half > Powerpoint 11 > Flashcards

Powerpoint 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two areas of the body that Lead (Pb) can affect?

A

Kidneys and Brain

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2
Q

True or False:

In prenatal exposure, lead can cross the placenta

A

True

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3
Q

what is the BBB formed by?

A

Brain endothelial cells lining the cerebral microvascularture

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4
Q

Which type of glial cells surround the BBB?

A

Endothelial cells and Astrocytes

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5
Q

Lead ________ the permeability of the BBB

A

Increases

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6
Q

Do the Cellular Effects or Neurological Effects deal with the brain?

A

Neurological effects

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7
Q

The BBB is a restrictive barrier that contains _______-______ capillaries with tight junctions

A

Non-fenestrated

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8
Q

Where are the tight junctions located? What significance does this have?

A

They are located between endothelial cells. They limit what passes between cells

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9
Q

What regulates Tight Junctions?

A

Protein Kinase C (PKC)

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10
Q

Pb exposure -> (activates/inhibits) PKC activation -> expression of _____ _____ proteins -> “leaky junctions” -> water diffuses into brain tissue from the capillaries -> ______

A

Inhibits; tight junction; edema

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11
Q

What supports the integrity of BBB and neurons in the brain?

A

Astrocytes

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12
Q

Does Pb targeting Astrocytes directly or indirectly disrupt the BBB and neurons?

A

Indirectly

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13
Q

True or False:

Neurons are more sensitive to lead than Astrocytes

A

True

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14
Q

True or False:

Despite being less sensitive to Lead, there are higher concentrations of Lead in Astrocytes than neurons

A

True!

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15
Q

Astrocytes function as mini versions of which organs to regulate the composition of interstitial fluid that surrounds the neurons in the brain?

A

Kidneys and livers

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16
Q

In what two ways do Astrocytes support the BBB biology?

A

Mechanically and biochemically

17
Q

True or False:

the BBB is not affected by what happens to the Astrocytes

A

FALSE; if Astrocytes are compromised, so is the BBB

18
Q

_____ causes the BBB dysfunction and neuronal injury by activating the glial cells (microglia and astroglia)

A

lead (Pb)

19
Q

What three things can Lead act on at the same time?

A
  • microglia
  • Astrocytes
  • neuron
20
Q

What is important for tight junction stability?

A

Low levels of Occludin

21
Q

Microglia and Astrocytic activation -> inflammatory cytokines and response -> ROS and oxidative stress -> ____ and _____ injury

A

BBB; neuronal

22
Q

What are the three groups of Caspases?

A
  • initiator casapases
  • effector caspases
  • caspase activator and inhibitor
23
Q

Which caspase group does this describe?

  • Initiates the signal
  • triggers other factors which goes and triggers effector caspases that signals apoptosis
A

Initiator Caspases

24
Q

What are the mammalian proteins associated with Initiator Caspases?

A

Caspase 8, 9, and 10

25
Q

What mammalian proteins are associated with Effector Caspases?

A

Caspase 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, and 13

26
Q

What mammalian proteins are associated with Caspase activator and inhibitor?

A

Apaf-1, FADD, c-FLIP

27
Q

What is the role of Caspase activator and inhibitor?

A

Mediator

28
Q

________ are a family of cysteine proteases that are involved in apoptosis

A

Caspases

29
Q

Caspases require _________ processing for their activation

A

Proteolytic

30
Q

Which is the most characterized effector caspases?

A

Caspase-3

31
Q

Effector caspases cleave many important intracellular substrates including:

A
  1. Morphological changes in apoptosis such as chromatin condensation
  2. Nucleosomal DNA fragmentation
  3. Breakdown of nuclear envelope
  4. Formation of apoptotic bodies
32
Q

Lead exposure resulted in increased levels of activated caspase 3 in which brain areas 24 hours after exposure?

A
  • cerebrum (cortex)
  • Thalamus
  • Caudate/Putamen

Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half (11 decks)

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