Powerpoint 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two areas of the body that Lead (Pb) can affect?

A

Kidneys and Brain

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2
Q

True or False:

In prenatal exposure, lead can cross the placenta

A

True

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3
Q

what is the BBB formed by?

A

Brain endothelial cells lining the cerebral microvascularture

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4
Q

Which type of glial cells surround the BBB?

A

Endothelial cells and Astrocytes

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5
Q

Lead ________ the permeability of the BBB

A

Increases

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6
Q

Do the Cellular Effects or Neurological Effects deal with the brain?

A

Neurological effects

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7
Q

The BBB is a restrictive barrier that contains _______-______ capillaries with tight junctions

A

Non-fenestrated

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8
Q

Where are the tight junctions located? What significance does this have?

A

They are located between endothelial cells. They limit what passes between cells

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9
Q

What regulates Tight Junctions?

A

Protein Kinase C (PKC)

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10
Q

Pb exposure -> (activates/inhibits) PKC activation -> expression of _____ _____ proteins -> “leaky junctions” -> water diffuses into brain tissue from the capillaries -> ______

A

Inhibits; tight junction; edema

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11
Q

What supports the integrity of BBB and neurons in the brain?

A

Astrocytes

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12
Q

Does Pb targeting Astrocytes directly or indirectly disrupt the BBB and neurons?

A

Indirectly

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13
Q

True or False:

Neurons are more sensitive to lead than Astrocytes

A

True

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14
Q

True or False:

Despite being less sensitive to Lead, there are higher concentrations of Lead in Astrocytes than neurons

A

True!

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15
Q

Astrocytes function as mini versions of which organs to regulate the composition of interstitial fluid that surrounds the neurons in the brain?

A

Kidneys and livers

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16
Q

In what two ways do Astrocytes support the BBB biology?

A

Mechanically and biochemically

17
Q

True or False:

the BBB is not affected by what happens to the Astrocytes

A

FALSE; if Astrocytes are compromised, so is the BBB

18
Q

_____ causes the BBB dysfunction and neuronal injury by activating the glial cells (microglia and astroglia)

19
Q

What three things can Lead act on at the same time?

A
  • microglia
  • Astrocytes
  • neuron
20
Q

What is important for tight junction stability?

A

Low levels of Occludin

21
Q

Microglia and Astrocytic activation -> inflammatory cytokines and response -> ROS and oxidative stress -> ____ and _____ injury

A

BBB; neuronal

22
Q

What are the three groups of Caspases?

A
  • initiator casapases
  • effector caspases
  • caspase activator and inhibitor
23
Q

Which caspase group does this describe?

  • Initiates the signal
  • triggers other factors which goes and triggers effector caspases that signals apoptosis
A

Initiator Caspases

24
Q

What are the mammalian proteins associated with Initiator Caspases?

A

Caspase 8, 9, and 10

25
What mammalian proteins are associated with Effector Caspases?
Caspase 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, and 13
26
What mammalian proteins are associated with Caspase activator and inhibitor?
Apaf-1, FADD, c-FLIP
27
What is the role of Caspase activator and inhibitor?
Mediator
28
________ are a family of cysteine proteases that are involved in apoptosis
Caspases
29
Caspases require _________ processing for their activation
Proteolytic
30
Which is the most characterized effector caspases?
Caspase-3
31
Effector caspases cleave many important intracellular substrates including:
1. Morphological changes in apoptosis such as chromatin condensation 2. Nucleosomal DNA fragmentation 3. Breakdown of nuclear envelope 4. Formation of apoptotic bodies
32
Lead exposure resulted in increased levels of activated caspase 3 in which brain areas 24 hours after exposure?
- cerebrum (cortex) - Thalamus - Caudate/Putamen