PowerPoint 13

Question 1

Which type of dendritic spine is the most important?

Answer 1

Mushroom

Question 2

Studies have suggested a link between developmental lead exposure and susceptibility to the onset of what?

Answer 2

adult neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Alzheimer’s disease

Question 3

prenatal alcohol exposure reduces the synaptic vesicles and does what to the synaptic cleft?

Answer 3

narrows it

Question 4

True or False: Alcohol is a neurotoxicant

Answer 4

true

Question 5

What are the brain areas are sensitive to alcohol?

Answer 5

• cerebellum
• RAS
• Medulla
• Prefrontal cortex
• HIppocampus
• Frontal Lobe
• striatum

Question 6

When can alcohol damage occur?

Answer 6

pre-, post-, and perinatal

Question 7

What is the cerebellum important for?

Answer 7

• movement
• balance
• complicated motor functions

Question 8

What is the Reticular Activating System (RAS) for?

Answer 8

• controls sleeping and waking
• can lead to passing out with alcohol

Question 9

What two enzymes are important for alcohol metabolization?

Answer 9

• 1-alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
• 2-aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

Question 10

Is Ethanol or Acetaldehyde very toxic in high levels?

Answer 10

Acetaldehyde

Question 11

The conversion of Acetaldehyde to Acetate happens with which enzyme? Where does it occur?

Answer 11

ALDH; mitochondria

Question 12

What does Acetate convert into for entering the TCA cycle?

Answer 12

acetyl CoA

Question 13

what percentage of Asians have inactive ALDH?

Answer 13

50%

Question 14

Elevated ________ cause increased flushing, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting & hyperventilation

Answer 14

acetaldehyde

Question 15

Do males or females have higher blood alcohol levels?

Answer 15

females

Question 16

Why might females have a higher BAC than males?

Answer 16

because males have higher stomach levels of ADH compared to females

Question 17

What are the biological factors that influence intoxication?

Answer 17

• gender
• age
• tolerance
• race/ethnicity
• metabolism
• genetics
• body mass

Question 18

prenatal ethanol exposure __________ the number of glial cells in the CNS (in addition to the loss of neurons) is due to ethanol and not due to acetaldehyde

Answer 18

decreases

Question 19

What two things are triggered in glia by ethanol?

Answer 19

necrosis and apoptosis

Question 20

Apoptosis is a common observation in neurons exposed to ethanol, especially in which two brain areas?

Answer 20

• cerebellum
• hippocampus

Question 21

The developing brain is vulnerable to reactive ________ and reactive ____________ species-mediated damage

Answer 21

oxygen; nitrogen

Question 22

The developing brain has:

• ____concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids
• ____oxygen consumption rate
• _____ antioxidants concentrations
• ____ content of metals catalyzing free radical formation

Answer 22

• high
• high
• low
• high