PowerPoint 13 Flashcards
Which type of dendritic spine is the most important?
Mushroom
Studies have suggested a link between developmental lead exposure and susceptibility to the onset of what?
adult neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Alzheimer’s disease
prenatal alcohol exposure reduces the synaptic vesicles and does what to the synaptic cleft?
narrows it
True or False: Alcohol is a neurotoxicant
true
What are the brain areas are sensitive to alcohol?
- cerebellum
- RAS
- Medulla
- Prefrontal cortex
- HIppocampus
- Frontal Lobe
- striatum
When can alcohol damage occur?
pre-, post-, and perinatal
What is the cerebellum important for?
- movement
- balance
- complicated motor functions
What is the Reticular Activating System (RAS) for?
- controls sleeping and waking
- can lead to passing out with alcohol
What two enzymes are important for alcohol metabolization?
- 1-alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
- 2-aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
Is Ethanol or Acetaldehyde very toxic in high levels?
Acetaldehyde
The conversion of Acetaldehyde to Acetate happens with which enzyme? Where does it occur?
ALDH; mitochondria
What does Acetate convert into for entering the TCA cycle?
acetyl CoA
what percentage of Asians have inactive ALDH?
50%
Elevated ________ cause increased flushing, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting & hyperventilation
acetaldehyde
Do males or females have higher blood alcohol levels?
females
Why might females have a higher BAC than males?
because males have higher stomach levels of ADH compared to females
What are the biological factors that influence intoxication?
- gender
- age
- tolerance
- race/ethnicity
- metabolism
- genetics
- body mass
prenatal ethanol exposure __________ the number of glial cells in the CNS (in addition to the loss of neurons) is due to ethanol and not due to acetaldehyde
decreases
What two things are triggered in glia by ethanol?
necrosis and apoptosis
Apoptosis is a common observation in neurons exposed to ethanol, especially in which two brain areas?
- cerebellum
- hippocampus
The developing brain is vulnerable to reactive ________ and reactive ____________ species-mediated damage
oxygen; nitrogen
The developing brain has:
- ____concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids
- ____oxygen consumption rate
- _____ antioxidants concentrations
- ____ content of metals catalyzing free radical formation
- high
- high
- low
- high
