PowerPoint 14

Question 1

Alcohol affects the developing embryo and ______

Answer 1

fetus

Question 2

what is one of the first areas affected by alcohol intoxication?

Answer 2

the frontal cortex

Question 3

What does the frontal cortex do?

Answer 3

controls judgement, behaviors, and thinking

Question 4

What does the motor cortex do?

Answer 4

movement

Question 5

What is the sensory cotex’s main job?

Answer 5

sensations

Question 6

What is the visual cortex’s main job

Answer 6

vision

Question 7

What is the cerebellum’s main job?

Answer 7

coordination

Question 8

What is the brain stem’s main function?

Answer 8

vital functions

Question 9

What is the hippocampus’s main function?

Answer 9

memory

Question 10

What brain area is known as the master gland and is associated with learning and memory?

Answer 10

hippocampus

Question 11

do humans or rats have an ovum stage that lasts days

Answer 11

rats

Question 12

What range of the development is most important in human development?

Answer 12

weeks 9-36, then 108 weeks

Question 13

at what week during the human ovum stage does the formation of the neural tube and NSC proliferation occur?

Answer 13

weeks 1 and 2

Question 14

What effect does alcohol have in the first 1-2 weeks of development (ovum stage)?

Answer 14

• FAS dysmorphia
• increased neural crest cell death

Question 15

What effect does alcohol have in the embryonic stage (weeks 3-8)?

Answer 15

• abnormal radial glia
• abnormal cell migration
• neural cell loss
• corpus callosum malformations

Question 16

What happens if there is a malformation of the corpus callosum?

Answer 16

the two hemispheres cannot communicate

Question 17

At which stage of life is the brain growing the fastest and massive neural cell death is taking place?

Answer 17

fetal stage - second year of life (9-36 weeks and 108 weeks)

Question 18

What are the effects of alcohol during the fetal stage - second year of life?

Answer 18

• prominent mircocephaly
• abnormal glia development
• increase in apoptosis and necrosis
• alterations to cell connections (ex: NCAM)
• alterations in the cerebellum

Question 19

What are the clinical consequences of intrauterine alcohol?

Answer 19

• fetal alcohol syndrome
• trout syndrome
• autism
• sudden infant death syndrome

Question 20

fetal alcohol syndrome -> still birth which is caused by?

Answer 20

brain damage

Question 21

trout syndrome -> pre-eclampsia which is caused by?

Answer 21

hypertension

Question 22

what does the autism diagnosis lead to?

Answer 22

abortions

Question 23

what does sudden infant death syndrome lead to?

Answer 23

death

Question 24

what do ethanol-treated astrocytes inhibit?

Answer 24

hippocampal neuron neurite outgrowth aka dendrite outgrowth and length are affected

Question 25

True or False: We can survive without astrocytes

Answer 25

False

Question 26

What type of DNA does alcohol affect?

Answer 26

mitochondrial DNA

Question 27

What is mitochondrial DNA required for?

Answer 27

the protection of oxidative damage

Question 28

What is the difference in the outcome of mitochondrial function in Anti-ROS defense and mitochondrial dysfunction in ROS accumulation?

Answer 28

mitochondrial function -> apoptosis mitochondrial dysfunction -> necrosis

Question 29

What receptor does this describe? play an essential role in strengthing of synapses, neuronal differentiation, LTP, and the weakening of synapses through LTD, and it is implicated in the memory and special learning function

Answer 29

NMDA receptor

Question 30

What is an important function of NMDA?

Answer 30

plasticity

Question 31

What do AMPA receptors do?

Answer 31

play a role in modulation of strength of neurotransmission as they can serve as channels for the entry of calcium, an important second messenger

Question 32

What inhibits the NMDA receptor

Answer 32

GABA

Question 33

What is a major target of alcohol actions?

Answer 33

The CNS

Question 34

Alcohol is known to cause brain shrinkage, loss of nerve cells at synaptic regions through an excitotoxicity mechanism involving what?

Answer 34

NMDA receptors and oxidative stress

Question 35

alcohol has the ability to reduce the expression of which receptor ?

Answer 35

the dopamine receptor