PowerPoint 14 Flashcards
Alcohol affects the developing embryo and ______
fetus
what is one of the first areas affected by alcohol intoxication?
the frontal cortex
What does the frontal cortex do?
controls judgement, behaviors, and thinking
What does the motor cortex do?
movement
What is the sensory cotex’s main job?
sensations
What is the visual cortex’s main job
vision
What is the cerebellum’s main job?
coordination
What is the brain stem’s main function?
vital functions
What is the hippocampus’s main function?
memory
What brain area is known as the master gland and is associated with learning and memory?
hippocampus
do humans or rats have an ovum stage that lasts days
rats
What range of the development is most important in human development?
weeks 9-36, then 108 weeks
at what week during the human ovum stage does the formation of the neural tube and NSC proliferation occur?
weeks 1 and 2
What effect does alcohol have in the first 1-2 weeks of development (ovum stage)?
- FAS dysmorphia
- increased neural crest cell death
What effect does alcohol have in the embryonic stage (weeks 3-8)?
- abnormal radial glia
- abnormal cell migration
- neural cell loss
- corpus callosum malformations
What happens if there is a malformation of the corpus callosum?
the two hemispheres cannot communicate
At which stage of life is the brain growing the fastest and massive neural cell death is taking place?
fetal stage - second year of life (9-36 weeks and 108 weeks)
What are the effects of alcohol during the fetal stage - second year of life?
- prominent mircocephaly
- abnormal glia development
- increase in apoptosis and necrosis
- alterations to cell connections (ex: NCAM)
- alterations in the cerebellum
What are the clinical consequences of intrauterine alcohol?
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- trout syndrome
- autism
- sudden infant death syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome -> still birth which is caused by?
brain damage
trout syndrome -> pre-eclampsia which is caused by?
hypertension
what does the autism diagnosis lead to?
abortions
what does sudden infant death syndrome lead to?
death
what do ethanol-treated astrocytes inhibit?
hippocampal neuron neurite outgrowth aka dendrite outgrowth and length are affected
True or False: We can survive without astrocytes
False
What type of DNA does alcohol affect?
mitochondrial DNA
What is mitochondrial DNA required for?
the protection of oxidative damage
What is the difference in the outcome of mitochondrial function in Anti-ROS defense and mitochondrial dysfunction in ROS accumulation?
mitochondrial function -> apoptosis
mitochondrial dysfunction -> necrosis
What receptor does this describe?
play an essential role in strengthing of synapses, neuronal differentiation, LTP, and the weakening of synapses through LTD, and it is implicated in the memory and special learning function
NMDA receptor
What is an important function of NMDA?
plasticity
What do AMPA receptors do?
play a role in modulation of strength of neurotransmission as they can serve as channels for the entry of calcium, an important second messenger
What inhibits the NMDA receptor
GABA
What is a major target of alcohol actions?
The CNS
Alcohol is known to cause brain shrinkage, loss of nerve cells at synaptic regions through an excitotoxicity mechanism involving what?
NMDA receptors and oxidative stress
alcohol has the ability to reduce the expression of which receptor ?
the dopamine receptor
