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Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half > PowerPoint 14 > Flashcards

PowerPoint 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Alcohol affects the developing embryo and ______

A

fetus

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2
Q

what is one of the first areas affected by alcohol intoxication?

A

the frontal cortex

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3
Q

What does the frontal cortex do?

A

controls judgement, behaviors, and thinking

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4
Q

What does the motor cortex do?

A

movement

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5
Q

What is the sensory cotex’s main job?

A

sensations

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6
Q

What is the visual cortex’s main job

A

vision

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7
Q

What is the cerebellum’s main job?

A

coordination

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8
Q

What is the brain stem’s main function?

A

vital functions

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9
Q

What is the hippocampus’s main function?

A

memory

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10
Q

What brain area is known as the master gland and is associated with learning and memory?

A

hippocampus

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11
Q

do humans or rats have an ovum stage that lasts days

A

rats

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12
Q

What range of the development is most important in human development?

A

weeks 9-36, then 108 weeks

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13
Q

at what week during the human ovum stage does the formation of the neural tube and NSC proliferation occur?

A

weeks 1 and 2

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14
Q

What effect does alcohol have in the first 1-2 weeks of development (ovum stage)?

A
  • FAS dysmorphia
  • increased neural crest cell death
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15
Q

What effect does alcohol have in the embryonic stage (weeks 3-8)?

A
  • abnormal radial glia
  • abnormal cell migration
  • neural cell loss
  • corpus callosum malformations
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16
Q

What happens if there is a malformation of the corpus callosum?

A

the two hemispheres cannot communicate

17
Q

At which stage of life is the brain growing the fastest and massive neural cell death is taking place?

A

fetal stage - second year of life (9-36 weeks and 108 weeks)

18
Q

What are the effects of alcohol during the fetal stage - second year of life?

A
  • prominent mircocephaly
  • abnormal glia development
  • increase in apoptosis and necrosis
  • alterations to cell connections (ex: NCAM)
  • alterations in the cerebellum
19
Q

What are the clinical consequences of intrauterine alcohol?

A
  • fetal alcohol syndrome
  • trout syndrome
  • autism
  • sudden infant death syndrome
20
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome -> still birth which is caused by?

A

brain damage

21
Q

trout syndrome -> pre-eclampsia which is caused by?

A

hypertension

22
Q

what does the autism diagnosis lead to?

A

abortions

23
Q

what does sudden infant death syndrome lead to?

A

death

24
Q

what do ethanol-treated astrocytes inhibit?

A

hippocampal neuron neurite outgrowth aka dendrite outgrowth and length are affected

25
Q

True or False: We can survive without astrocytes

A

False

26
Q

What type of DNA does alcohol affect?

A

mitochondrial DNA

27
Q

What is mitochondrial DNA required for?

A

the protection of oxidative damage

28
Q

What is the difference in the outcome of mitochondrial function in Anti-ROS defense and mitochondrial dysfunction in ROS accumulation?

A

mitochondrial function -> apoptosis

mitochondrial dysfunction -> necrosis

29
Q

What receptor does this describe?

play an essential role in strengthing of synapses, neuronal differentiation, LTP, and the weakening of synapses through LTD, and it is implicated in the memory and special learning function

A

NMDA receptor

30
Q

What is an important function of NMDA?

A

plasticity

31
Q

What do AMPA receptors do?

A

play a role in modulation of strength of neurotransmission as they can serve as channels for the entry of calcium, an important second messenger

32
Q

What inhibits the NMDA receptor

A

GABA

33
Q

What is a major target of alcohol actions?

A

The CNS

34
Q

Alcohol is known to cause brain shrinkage, loss of nerve cells at synaptic regions through an excitotoxicity mechanism involving what?

A

NMDA receptors and oxidative stress

35
Q

alcohol has the ability to reduce the expression of which receptor ?

A

the dopamine receptor

36
Q
A

Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half (11 decks)

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