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Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half > Powerpoint 12 > Flashcards

Powerpoint 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three places Lead can be ingested from?

A
  • contaminated water
  • lead based paint
  • other lead materials
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2
Q

What does Lead bind to once it enters the blood stream?

A

Red Blood Cells

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3
Q

Lead can cross the underdeveloped ______ of children to affect ______________ neurons crucial for learning and memory

A

BBB; hippocampal

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4
Q

When Lead binds to the NMDR receptor, what does it block?

A

Glutamate

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5
Q

Once lead binds to the NMDA receptor and blocks glutamate, what happens to the calcium levels and nitric oxide synthase levels?

A

Calcium levels decrease and nitric oxide synthase levels increase

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6
Q

What is the NMDA receptor important for?

A

Learning

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7
Q

Under normal physiological conditions, there is a balance between ____ ______ and_____________ and any deviation from it can cause oxidative stress leading to cell death

A

Free radicals; antioxidants

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8
Q

What is included in Antioxidant Defense

A

GSH
GST
SOD
GPx
Catalase

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9
Q

What is involved in ROS Production?

A

O2
H2O2
RO
NO
ONOO
OH

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10
Q

Oxidative leads to what three things that lead to cell death?

A
  • Protein
  • Lipid
  • DNA
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11
Q

Direct neurotoxic effects on neurons include:

A
  • Apoptosis
  • Excitotoxicity
  • synapse formation and function
  • General protein information and function
  • Adverse affects on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
  • others
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12
Q

What is induced by lead exposure; most likely through causing mitochondrial damage and/or disrupted calcium homeostasis?

A

Apoptosis

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13
Q

What comes about indirectly through abnormal mitochondrial function - causing glutamate induced neuronal cell death?

A

Excitotoxicity

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14
Q

What substitutes for calcium and zinc and affects the activity of second messengers and many different protein function, and has significant effects of lead on synaptic development and function?

A

Lead

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15
Q

Pb2+ has a _______ affinity for thiol groups than Zn2+

A

Greater

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16
Q

Pb2+ _______ Ca2+, binds to active sites in Ca-dependent proteins, but even more potent activator than Ca2+ -> abnormal activation

A

Mimics

17
Q

when Pb displaces/replaces Zn, what does that lead to?

A

Inhibition of protein function

18
Q

What impairs mitochondrial functions during synaptogenesis?

A

Pb2+

19
Q

what does Pb2+ impair at the axon terminal which eventually limits the energy related activities?

A

ATP synthesis

20
Q

What plays a critical role in learning and memory?

A

Dentate gyrus and Cornu ammonis area 3(CA) of hippocampus

21
Q

What type of channels does Lead inhibit?

A

voltage-gated calcium ion channels

22
Q

True or False: Lead interrupts Calcium signaling

A

True

23
Q

True or False: Lead exposure has a large effect on dendritic length

A

False, it does not have much of an effect on dendritic length

24
Q

What are the three main shapes of Dendritic spines?

A
  • Mushroom
  • Thin
  • Stubby
25
Q

Mushroom spine length affects ____ influx into the dendrite

A

Ca2+

26
Q

mushroom spines mediate stronger synaptic transmission, so they are thought to be what kind of spine?

A

Memory spines

27
Q

Reducing the number of mushroom spines leads to what kind of effect on learning and memory?

A

Detrimental

28
Q

Which type of dendritic spine has larger PSDs and contain more receptors?

A

Mushroom spines

29
Q

True or False: Lead exposure decreases the number of mushroom spines present

A

True

30
Q

which dendritic spine does this describe?

Small head and narrow neck

A

Thin

31
Q

Which dendritic spine does this describe?

Large head and narrow neck

A

Mushroom

32
Q

Which dendritic spine does this describe?

No obvious neck

A

Stubby

33
Q

What are the major risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases?

A
  • age
  • genetics
  • environment factors

Developmental Neurotoxicology 2nd Half (11 decks)

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