Powerpoint 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three places Lead can be ingested from?

A
  • contaminated water
  • lead based paint
  • other lead materials
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2
Q

What does Lead bind to once it enters the blood stream?

A

Red Blood Cells

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3
Q

Lead can cross the underdeveloped ______ of children to affect ______________ neurons crucial for learning and memory

A

BBB; hippocampal

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4
Q

When Lead binds to the NMDR receptor, what does it block?

A

Glutamate

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5
Q

Once lead binds to the NMDA receptor and blocks glutamate, what happens to the calcium levels and nitric oxide synthase levels?

A

Calcium levels decrease and nitric oxide synthase levels increase

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6
Q

What is the NMDA receptor important for?

A

Learning

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7
Q

Under normal physiological conditions, there is a balance between ____ ______ and_____________ and any deviation from it can cause oxidative stress leading to cell death

A

Free radicals; antioxidants

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8
Q

What is included in Antioxidant Defense

A

GSH
GST
SOD
GPx
Catalase

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9
Q

What is involved in ROS Production?

A

O2
H2O2
RO
NO
ONOO
OH

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10
Q

Oxidative leads to what three things that lead to cell death?

A
  • Protein
  • Lipid
  • DNA
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11
Q

Direct neurotoxic effects on neurons include:

A
  • Apoptosis
  • Excitotoxicity
  • synapse formation and function
  • General protein information and function
  • Adverse affects on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
  • others
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12
Q

What is induced by lead exposure; most likely through causing mitochondrial damage and/or disrupted calcium homeostasis?

A

Apoptosis

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13
Q

What comes about indirectly through abnormal mitochondrial function - causing glutamate induced neuronal cell death?

A

Excitotoxicity

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14
Q

What substitutes for calcium and zinc and affects the activity of second messengers and many different protein function, and has significant effects of lead on synaptic development and function?

A

Lead

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15
Q

Pb2+ has a _______ affinity for thiol groups than Zn2+

A

Greater

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16
Q

Pb2+ _______ Ca2+, binds to active sites in Ca-dependent proteins, but even more potent activator than Ca2+ -> abnormal activation

17
Q

when Pb displaces/replaces Zn, what does that lead to?

A

Inhibition of protein function

18
Q

What impairs mitochondrial functions during synaptogenesis?

19
Q

what does Pb2+ impair at the axon terminal which eventually limits the energy related activities?

A

ATP synthesis

20
Q

What plays a critical role in learning and memory?

A

Dentate gyrus and Cornu ammonis area 3(CA) of hippocampus

21
Q

What type of channels does Lead inhibit?

A

voltage-gated calcium ion channels

22
Q

True or False: Lead interrupts Calcium signaling

23
Q

True or False: Lead exposure has a large effect on dendritic length

A

False, it does not have much of an effect on dendritic length

24
Q

What are the three main shapes of Dendritic spines?

A
  • Mushroom
  • Thin
  • Stubby
25
Mushroom spine length affects ____ influx into the dendrite
Ca2+
26
mushroom spines mediate stronger synaptic transmission, so they are thought to be what kind of spine?
Memory spines
27
Reducing the number of mushroom spines leads to what kind of effect on learning and memory?
Detrimental
28
Which type of dendritic spine has larger PSDs and contain more receptors?
Mushroom spines
29
True or False: Lead exposure decreases the number of mushroom spines present
True
30
which dendritic spine does this describe? Small head and narrow neck
Thin
31
Which dendritic spine does this describe? Large head and narrow neck
Mushroom
32
Which dendritic spine does this describe? No obvious neck
Stubby
33
What are the major risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases?
- age - genetics - environment factors