Quiz12 Ch43 Sensory Flashcards
what is it when the body’s response to a drug decreases and greater amounts are needed for the desired effect
Tolerance
How do drugs alter mood?
by increasing or decreasing the concentrations of specific neurotransmitters within the brain
Peripheral nervous system consists of…
sensory receptors and nerves
what are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system and what do each of them do
- Somatic division: responds to changes in external environment
- Autonomic division: regulates internal activities of the body
In the PNS, what are Afferent and Efferent nerves
- Afferent: (Sensory) nerves that transmit signals from receptors to CNS
- Efferent: (Motor) nerves that transmit signals from CNS To Effectors-skeletal muscles and glands
What are the 2 nerve divisions in the Autonomic System(PNS), whats an example of how they work
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- function in opposite ways
Ex: Symp. Increases heart rate, Parasymp. Decreases
In humans, a sensory organ would be most directly connected to___
an Afferent neuron
what are sensory receptors and accessory cells considered
Sense Organs
what are neuron endings or specialized receptor cells in close contact with neurons
Sensory receptors
What are generally specialized Nerve endings, not receptor cells
Thermoreceptors
3 ways some animals use thermoreceptors
- to locate endothermic prey
- to find an endothermic host
- provide cues about body temp(all endothermic animals)
whats a way many animals use Electroreceptors
- how do fish use it
to detect Earth’s magnetic field
- some animals orient by magnetic fields
- migratory animals navigate by mag. fields
Used by fishes to detect prey muscle movements or communicate
What are pain receptors which respond to Extremes of many stimuli, Free of nerve end of certain sensory neurons in almost Every tissue
Nociceptors
what kind of receptors respond to touch pressure gravity stretch and movement
mechanoreceptors
which kind of receptors respond to to strong tactile stimuli, temperature extremes, and certain chemicals
Nociceptors
Mechanoreceptors transduce ____ ____
- allow animals to ….
- activated by ___ ___
transduce mechanical energy
- feel hear, maintain balance
- shape change (push or pull)
Which type of receptors respond to displacement of hairs or receptor cells themselves
(MANY Types)
Tactile (touch) receptors
what type of receptors respond to tension(position) and movement
Proprioceptors
Proprioceptors allow animals to…
- what are 3 structures included
perceive body orientation and positions of its’ parts
- muscle spindles
- Golgi tendon organs
- joint receptors (movement in ligaments)
Which type of receptor is probably the most numerous and active receptors
Proprioceptors
which part of the brain would use info from the proprioceptors to coordinate muscle movements? (unconscious)
cerebellum
what is found the lateral line of fishes but the inner ear of vertebrates? what is it used for
vertebrate hair cells - have 2 types of cilia for detection of movement often covered with a cupula
what do lateral line organs inform animals of
moving objects or objects in its’ path
in the vertebrate inner ear, what does the Vestibular apparatus contain. In what part of the labyrinth (upper or lower)
upper part of labyrinth
- contains saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals
what does the labyrinth in the inner ear help, what does it consist of (structurally)
helps maintain equilibrium by fluid-filled chambers and canals
Where are Otoliths located(2). What do they enable an animal to perceive and how?
- in Saccule and Utricle
- enable animal to perceive Direction of Gravity by changing position when head is tilted/when body is accelerating and stimulating hair cells that signal to the brain
in the ear, what informs the brain about Turning movements and how
Circular Canals (oriented in 3 planes) - clumps of hair in each Ampullae (bulblike enlargements) are stimulated by movements of fluid that fills each canal
(The path of sound)
Movements stimulate hair cells of the _____ by rubbing them against the overlying _____
Organ of Corti
- Tectorial membrane
what is the difference/similarity between Olfaction (smell) and Gustation(taste) chemoreceptors?
> Olfaction - samples Small quantities of molecules Away from the source
Gustation - samples Large quantities of molecules Directly from the source
Both depend on a dissolved molecule fitting into a receptor on a cell
what type of receptor use pigments to transduce light energy
photoreceptors
what is the major photoreceptor Pigment in animals
Rhodopsin
what type of animals are eyespots found in? What do they do
- detect light but dont form images
- found in Cnidarians and Flatworms
(human eye)
Light enters through the ___ is focused by the ___ produces an image on the ____
amount of light entering is regulated by the ____
enters cornea
focused by lens
image on Retina
light regulate by Iris
In the retina which type of receptors are most abundant, function in dim light and form images in black and white
Rods
In the retina which type of receptors are concentrated near the center, function in Bright light, and permit color vision
Cones
In the retina what do Bipolar cells do
send signals to Ganglion cells
what combination of systems does the vertebrate circulatory system consist of
cardiovascular and immune/lymphatic systems plus associate organs
the vertebrate circulatory system transports . . .(4) helps maintain . . . (3) and defends against microrganisms
transports nutrients oxygen wastes and hormones
- maintains fluid balance, pH, and temp
what kinds of neurons would be most directly involved in speeding up the heart beat??
Sympathetic
What is Plasma
what is one kind of plasma Protein
the intercellular matrix of blood
- fibrinogen, some are antibodies
what are Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
what is the red pigment in red blood cells that binds with oxygen
- what do Erythrocytes transport/help transport(2 things)
hemoglobin
- Oxygen/ CO2
what are Leukocytes and what is their role in the body
white blood cells
- defend body against disease organisms
what kind of cells in the body are semi-independent amoeboid cells
white blood cells/Leukocytes
what are 60% of WBCs that perform Phagocytosis ?
Neutrophils or Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
what are 25-35%of WBCs that make Antibodies and destroy foreign cells ?
Neutrophils or Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
what are fragments of cells with membrane and No nuceus
Platelets (clotting)
which type of blood vessels carry blood Away from the heart
- which Return blood to the heart
- arteries
- veins
(blood vessels)
smooth muscle causes _____ and _____
- constriction and Dilation
Metarterioles directly connect what?
venules and arterioles
______ branch off metarterioles
capillaries
what are capillaries and what do they allow materials to transfer between?
thin-walled exchange vessels that allow materials to transfer between blood and tissues
