Ch 25/26 Prokaryotes

Question 0

3 types of prokaryote shapes

Answer 0

Spherical - cocci
rod - bacilli
spiral - spirillium

Question 1

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

Answer 1

no nucleus

- have peptidoglycan layer

Question 2

4 possible external structures of prokaryotes

Answer 2

Capsule - surrounding the cell wall
Biofilms(plaque on teeth), embedded in slimy matrix
Pili - protein structures extending from cell
- sex pili transmit DNA
Flagella - moves different compared to eukaryotic (propeller)

Question 3

Heterotroph

Answer 3

(other feeder) get energy and carbon from other organisms

Question 4

autotroph

Answer 4

(self feeder) make own energy from inorganic material

Question 5

2 types of heterotrophs

Answer 5

Chemo heterotrophs: most common, includes decomposers and pathogens

photo heterotrophs: obtain carbon from other organisms, cant use CO2, have photosynthetic pigments

Question 6

2 types of Autotrophs

Answer 6

Chemo: get energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals such as amonia (near hydrothermal vents)

Photo: get energy from the sunlight, includes cyanobacteria

Question 7

Aerobic Bacteria

Answer 7

require oxygen for cellular respiration

EX: bacillus spp (common in soil and spoiled foods)

Question 8

facultative anaerobes and example

Answer 8

doesnt have to have oxygen but can use it when needed

EX: E. coli

Question 9

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 9

grows with NO Oxygen

EX: Bacteroides ( main thing in mammal gut, makes methane)

Question 10

3 types of Asexual reproduction

Answer 10

1) Binary fission - cell divides forming 2 cells(most common)
2) Budding - bud forms and separates from mother cell
3) fragmentation - walls form inside cell and they can seperate into multiple cells

Question 11

genetic material exchange

Transformation

Answer 11

bacterial cells pick up fragments from other cells

Question 12

genetic material exchange

Tansduction

Answer 12

bacterial phage carries DNA from one cell to another

Question 13

genetic material exchange

Conjuation

Answer 13

2 cells connect to each other and exchange genetic material

Question 14

gram positive bacteria wall and stain color

Answer 14

has very thick peptidoglycan wall

Purple stain

Question 15

gram negative bacteria and stain color

Answer 15

have thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer plasma layer(membrane)
Pink(red) ?

Question 16

Gram- Positive: Actinomycetes

what do they resemble, why are they significant

Answer 16

resemble fungi

- several produce antibiotics such as streptomycin

Question 17

Gram-Positive: Lactic acid bacteria

why is it significant

Answer 17

inhabit decomposing plant material and milk, make Yogurt

Question 18

Gram-Positive: Streptococci

where and what do they do

Answer 18

inhabit mouth and digestive tract of humans and animals

- some cause strep throat

Question 19

Gram-Positive: Staphylococci

where and what are they

Answer 19

live in nose and on skin

- opportunistic pathogens

Question 20

Gram- Negative: examples

Answer 20

• Rhizobium in roots of legumes
• arthropod bites/ excretions
  
  • typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• chlamydias

Question 21

Gram-Negative: Cyanobacteria 3 characteristics

Answer 21

• important photosynthesizes
• prokaryotes with cell specialization
• have Heterocyst (special oxygen excluding cell for nitrogen fixation)

Question 23

Who rejected the hypothesis that spontaneous generation can occur

Answer 23

Louis Pasteur

Question 26

3 types of Archaea and their environments

Answer 26

1) Methanogens - produce methane from carbon. live in anaerobic environments
2) Extreme Halophiles - in saturated salt solutions (Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea)
3) Extreme Thermophiles - live in extreme temps such as deep sea vents

• No/few known pathogens

Question 29

Symbiosis: 3 types

Answer 29

1) Mutualism - both benefit
2) Commensalism - 1 benefits and the other isn’t effected
3) Parasitism - parasite benefits and host harmed

Question 31

heterocysts

Answer 31

special oxygen excluding cell for nitrogen fixation

Question 33

exotoxins

Answer 33

strong poisons released by pathogenic bacteria

Question 35

endotoxins

Answer 35

poisonous components of cell walls released when bacteria dies

Question 36

R factors

Answer 36

plasmids with genes for antibiotic resistance

Question 38

mitosis

Answer 38

division of the nucleus without chromosome reduction

Question 39

mieosis

Answer 39

nuclear division leading to chromosome number reduction

Question 40

4 types of protists body types

Answer 40

1) unicellular - most protists
2) collonies - loosely connected groups of cells
3) coenocytes - multinucleate masses of cytoplasm(one big cell)
4) multicellular organisms ( some giant)