Ch 29/30 Fungi

Question 0

Opisthokonts: what are include in this class(?) and based on what type of characteristics?
what are the 2 derived traits

Answer 0

Fungi, animals, and choanoflagellates.
Based on chemical and structural characteristics
Derived Traits: single flagellate cells and plate-like cristae(inner membranes) in mitochondria

Question 1

The ______ body plan, exhibiting multi-nucleate masses of cytoplasm (giant cells) occurs in protists and fungi.

Answer 1

Ceonocytic

Question 2

Characteristics of Fungi (3)

Answer 2

Eukaryotic Heterotrophs

• Secrete digestive enzymes onto food then absorb it predigested
• cell walls with chitin (also in arthropods)

Question 3

Fungal Structures: what are the unicellular? Multicellular, and 3 characteristics of them

Answer 3

• unicellular yeasts
• filamentous, multicellular Molds
  > hyphae - long threadlike filaments
  > mycelium - formed from ^ branching together
  > thallus - term for a simple fungus body

Question 4

How is Hyphae in Most fungi? How is it in some?

Answer 4

in most, perforated septa (cross walls) divide hyphae into individual cells EX: ascomycetes and basidiomycetes
- in some, hyphae are Coenocytic (long multinuclear cell)

Question 5

Reproduction of fungi: how? (4)

Answer 5

most reproduce sexually and asexually by Spores

• Sporangia : structure for spore production
• produced on aerial hyphae for wind dispersal
• germinate into mycelium if land on suitable spot

Question 6

How is Asexual reproduction done among yeasts and among molds?

Answer 6

Yeast - budding

Molds - asexual spores are produced through mitosis

Question 7

How is Sexual reproduction done among yeasts and among molds

Answer 7

Yeast: Uncommon
- 2 Haploid fuse to form zygote which undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores
Molds: most cells are Haploid
- genetically compatible haploid types come together in Plasmogamy or Karyogamy followed by meiosis

Question 8

Plasmogamy: what happens and how

Answer 8

Fungi of 2 different mating types meet and Fuse Hyphae
- the CYTOPLASM FUSES (Not nuclei)
Fungi enter Dikaryotic stage( n + n)
- each new cell has one nucleus of each type

Question 9

Karyogamy: what happens and how

Answer 9

NUCLEI FUSE

• takes place in hyphal Tip
• results in Diploid (2n) zygote nucleus

Question 10

Chytrids (Chytridiomycetes) what’s unique about them, 4 characteristics

Answer 10

have Flagellate cells during lifecycle
  - unicellular or few cells
  - reproduce a/sexually
  - No Other fungi have flagella
Sister to the rest of fungi

Question 11

Microsporidia, what are they ‘traditionally in’ and 5 characteristics

Answer 11

traditionally in zygomycetes or not in fungi

• unicellular parasites
• one of the smallest known eukaryotes
• lack functional mitochondria
• highly reduced structures and genomes due to parasitism
• penetrate and infect animal cells with long thread-like polar tubes

Question 12

Glomeromycetes have what hyphae and how to they reproduce

Answer 12

have coenocytic hyphae
- reproduce asexually with large multinucleate spores
(sexual reproduction not yet documented)

Question 13

Glomeromycetes: how are they important to plants and what is this called

Answer 13

have symbiotic relationship with plants
- fungus supplies water/ nutrient minerals and plant secretes organic compounds needed by fungus
> Endomycorrhizal fungi, extend hyphae into root cells
- The Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (most common) form tree-shaped structures inside root cells with hyphae

Question 14

What is the most common/ most noticeable species of fungi, and 2 types of this species

Answer 14

Dikaryotic (95%)

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

Question 15

Dykaryotic life cycle 6 stages

Answer 15

1) spores germinate and form mycelia by mitosis (n)
2) Mycelia of 2 dif types fuse at their tips and plasmogamy occurs _/*_ (n)
3) Dikaryotic mycelium developes (n+n)
4) Karyogamy (nuclei fusion) occurs forming diploid nucleus (2n)
5) Meiosis results in 4 genetically different Haploid nulcei. Spore develop around nuclei (n)
6) Spores are released (n)

Question 16

Does the fungal Dikaryotic sexual lifestyle show alernaion of generations? why or why not

Answer 16

No, because there is no multinuclear diploid stage

Question 17

Ascomycetes are also called what and why?
How are their Hyphae?
What is the fruiting body called?

Answer 17

” Sac Fungi” because they have Asci which are microscopic ‘sacs’ that produce sexual spores

• hyphae have perforated septa
• fruiting body = Ascocarp

Question 18

EX Ascomycetes include (7)

Answer 18

most yeast
morels and truffles
mycorrhizae
lichens
penicillium
ring worm
dutch elm disease

Question 19

Basidiomycetes is also called what and why?

Answer 19

” Club fungi” because club shaped basidia that develop on surface of gills in mushrooms (basidiocarp
- hyphae also have perforated septa

Question 20

EX Basidiomycetes 5

Answer 20

mushrooms
puffballs 
bracket fungi
rusts
smuts(corn)

Question 21

Ectomycorrizae are formed by what groups(?) and where

Answer 21

asco and basidiomycetes form it with tree roots (doesnt penetrate root cells)

Question 22

Fungal plant diseases are caused by what

Answer 22

Haustoria (parasitic hyphae) which Penetrate plant cells and get nourishment from cytoplasm

Question 23

Fungi as Decomposers: what unique material can they digest and how are they important as decomposers

Answer 23

most fungi are decomposers and break down organic compounds
- many can break down plant cellulose and lignin
> some help with digestion in cows and some cause wood rot
- important for recycling elements

Question 24

Characteristics of Animals (6)

Answer 24

Eukaryotic

• multicellular
• all heterotrophic
• locomotion at some point
• have nervous system and muscles
• No alternation of generations, have multicellular diploid stage and unicellular haploid stage(gametes)

Question 25

3 germ layers and what do they do? (in animals early developement)

Answer 25

1 Ectoderm(outer) - forms body covering and nervous system

2) Endoderm(inner) - lines the gut and digestive organs
3) Mesoderm(middle) - forms most other body structures