Ch 29/30 Fungi Flashcards
Opisthokonts: what are include in this class(?) and based on what type of characteristics?
what are the 2 derived traits
Fungi, animals, and choanoflagellates.
Based on chemical and structural characteristics
Derived Traits: single flagellate cells and plate-like cristae(inner membranes) in mitochondria
The ______ body plan, exhibiting multi-nucleate masses of cytoplasm (giant cells) occurs in protists and fungi.
Ceonocytic
Characteristics of Fungi (3)
Eukaryotic Heterotrophs
- Secrete digestive enzymes onto food then absorb it predigested
- cell walls with chitin (also in arthropods)
Fungal Structures: what are the unicellular? Multicellular, and 3 characteristics of them
- unicellular yeasts
- filamentous, multicellular Molds
> hyphae - long threadlike filaments
> mycelium - formed from ^ branching together
> thallus - term for a simple fungus body
How is Hyphae in Most fungi? How is it in some?
in most, perforated septa (cross walls) divide hyphae into individual cells EX: ascomycetes and basidiomycetes
- in some, hyphae are Coenocytic (long multinuclear cell)
Reproduction of fungi: how? (4)
most reproduce sexually and asexually by Spores
- Sporangia : structure for spore production
- produced on aerial hyphae for wind dispersal
- germinate into mycelium if land on suitable spot
How is Asexual reproduction done among yeasts and among molds?
Yeast - budding
Molds - asexual spores are produced through mitosis
How is Sexual reproduction done among yeasts and among molds
Yeast: Uncommon
- 2 Haploid fuse to form zygote which undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores
Molds: most cells are Haploid
- genetically compatible haploid types come together in Plasmogamy or Karyogamy followed by meiosis
Plasmogamy: what happens and how
Fungi of 2 different mating types meet and Fuse Hyphae
- the CYTOPLASM FUSES (Not nuclei)
Fungi enter Dikaryotic stage( n + n)
- each new cell has one nucleus of each type
Karyogamy: what happens and how
NUCLEI FUSE
- takes place in hyphal Tip
- results in Diploid (2n) zygote nucleus
Chytrids (Chytridiomycetes) what’s unique about them, 4 characteristics
have Flagellate cells during lifecycle - unicellular or few cells - reproduce a/sexually - No Other fungi have flagella Sister to the rest of fungi
Microsporidia, what are they ‘traditionally in’ and 5 characteristics
traditionally in zygomycetes or not in fungi
- unicellular parasites
- one of the smallest known eukaryotes
- lack functional mitochondria
- highly reduced structures and genomes due to parasitism
- penetrate and infect animal cells with long thread-like polar tubes
Glomeromycetes have what hyphae and how to they reproduce
have coenocytic hyphae
- reproduce asexually with large multinucleate spores
(sexual reproduction not yet documented)
Glomeromycetes: how are they important to plants and what is this called
have symbiotic relationship with plants
- fungus supplies water/ nutrient minerals and plant secretes organic compounds needed by fungus
> Endomycorrhizal fungi, extend hyphae into root cells
- The Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (most common) form tree-shaped structures inside root cells with hyphae
What is the most common/ most noticeable species of fungi, and 2 types of this species
Dikaryotic (95%)
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
Dykaryotic life cycle 6 stages
1) spores germinate and form mycelia by mitosis (n)
2) Mycelia of 2 dif types fuse at their tips and plasmogamy occurs _/*_ (n)
3) Dikaryotic mycelium developes (n+n)
4) Karyogamy (nuclei fusion) occurs forming diploid nucleus (2n)
5) Meiosis results in 4 genetically different Haploid nulcei. Spore develop around nuclei (n)
6) Spores are released (n)
Does the fungal Dikaryotic sexual lifestyle show alernaion of generations? why or why not
No, because there is no multinuclear diploid stage
Ascomycetes are also called what and why?
How are their Hyphae?
What is the fruiting body called?
” Sac Fungi” because they have Asci which are microscopic ‘sacs’ that produce sexual spores
- hyphae have perforated septa
- fruiting body = Ascocarp
EX Ascomycetes include (7)
most yeast morels and truffles mycorrhizae lichens penicillium ring worm dutch elm disease
Basidiomycetes is also called what and why?
” Club fungi” because club shaped basidia that develop on surface of gills in mushrooms (basidiocarp
- hyphae also have perforated septa
EX Basidiomycetes 5
mushrooms puffballs bracket fungi rusts smuts(corn)
Ectomycorrizae are formed by what groups(?) and where
asco and basidiomycetes form it with tree roots (doesnt penetrate root cells)
Fungal plant diseases are caused by what
Haustoria (parasitic hyphae) which Penetrate plant cells and get nourishment from cytoplasm
Fungi as Decomposers: what unique material can they digest and how are they important as decomposers
most fungi are decomposers and break down organic compounds
- many can break down plant cellulose and lignin
> some help with digestion in cows and some cause wood rot
- important for recycling elements
Characteristics of Animals (6)
Eukaryotic
- multicellular
- all heterotrophic
- locomotion at some point
- have nervous system and muscles
- No alternation of generations, have multicellular diploid stage and unicellular haploid stage(gametes)
3 germ layers and what do they do? (in animals early developement)
1 Ectoderm(outer) - forms body covering and nervous system
2) Endoderm(inner) - lines the gut and digestive organs
3) Mesoderm(middle) - forms most other body structures
