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Biology > Ch 35/36 Stem/ Root > Flashcards

Ch 35/36 Stem/ Root Flashcards

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0
Q

7 outer stem structures Herbaceous and function/what it is

A
  1. Bud - undeveloped embryonic shoots
  2. Terminal Bud - at tip of stem
  3. Axillary bud(lateral) - located in leaf axils
  4. Node - area where leaf is attached
  5. Internode - region between 2 nodes
  6. Stomata - present on Herbaceous stems for gas exchange
  7. Epidermis - on Herbaceous stems for protection as with leaves
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1
Q

3 stem functions

A
  1. Growth: produce new tissue
  2. Support: holds structures above-ground
  3. Transport: connect roots with tips of shoot system
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2
Q

5 Woody stem structures different than herbaceous

A
  1. Bud Scales - cover/protect dormant buds
  2. Bud Scale Scar - left where bud scale falls off when bud resumes growth
  3. Leaf Scar - where leaf was attached to stem
  4. Lenticels - sites of loosely arranged cells that allow Oxygen to diffuse into interior of Woody stem
  5. Periderm (outer bark) - replacement for epidermis on Woody stems
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3
Q

2 Internal stem structure arrangement: Herbaceous Eudicot

A
  • vascular bundles arranged in circle

- distinct Cortex and Pith (primarily for storage)

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4
Q

3 Internal structure arrangement of Monocot (All Herbaceous) Stems

A
  • Vascular bundles scattered in ground tissue
  • NO distinct cortex/pith
  • Primary Growth ONLY
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5
Q

In a Eudicot, what are the 2 major types of ground tissue in a Leaf?

A

Palisade

Spongy mesophyll

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6
Q

What is secondary growth, where/what type(mono/dicot/gymno/angiosperm) does it occur?

A

production of secondary tissues(wood/bark) through lateral meristems
- occurs in “Dicots” and Gymnosperms

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7
Q

2 areas of secondary growth and what do they produce

A
  1. Vascular Cambium: produces Secondary Xylem(wood) /Phloem(inner bark)
  2. Cork Cambium: produces periderm
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8
Q

Cork Cambium produces Periderm which includes what the outer bark which is______ and ______. what’s their use?

A

outer bark

  1. Cork Cells - replace epidermis in Woody
  2. Cork Parenchyma - storage
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9
Q

Xylem/ Phloem growth patterns in spring and summer. How might it be different in tropics or during drought?

A

Xylem
Spring: following dormancy, Large cells with Thin walls form for increase Water uptake
Summer: Small cells with Thick walls form for greater Strength

Phloem: crushed each year and Added to Bark

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10
Q
  • what type of trees are associated with Hardwood and Soft wood
  • what are 2 types of wood in a tree
A

Softwood: wood of Conifers - Lacks Vessel elements and fibers
Hardwood: wood of Angiosperms (not always literally hard)

Heartwood: in middle(heart) - as trunk’s girth increases, oldest xylem is filled with waste products(increase strength/pest resistance)
Sapwood: outer area. Functional Xylem

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11
Q

Xylem Transport(what it does in which direction and from where)

A

Water and dissolved minerals move upward from soil to root to stem to atmosphere

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12
Q

Phloem Transport(what it does in which direction and from where)

A

Sugar from leaves(made by photosynth.)

movement up and down and require energy from the plant

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13
Q

what is the most direct source of energy for xylem transport under normal conditions?

A

Sunlight

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14
Q

what hypothesis explains movement of materials in phloem

A

Pressure-Flow Hypothesis

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15
Q

What is Water Potential (W.P.)

A

a measure of tendency for osmosis to occur

i.e. measure of a cell’s ability to release/absorb water

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16
Q

how does water move and when will Osmosis occur (both considering W.P.)

A

water moves from regions of Higher W.P. to regions of Lower

- Osmosis will occur when W.P.s are Unequal

17
Q

What 2 forces cause Xylem’s upward flow? Which is stronger?

A

pull of Transpiration(stronger) and Root Pressure

18
Q

Why does Root Pressure occur

A

water moves into roots due to active absorption of mineral ions from soil

19
Q

When might Guttation occur?

A

when soil is wet, and the difference in root and soil W.P. is great enough

20
Q

What is the Predominant Sugar translocated in Phloem?

A

Sucrose

21
Q

Describe phloem translocation of sugar. Is it faster or slower than Xylem trasnport?

A

dissolved sugar is moved up or down from a Leaf (source of excess sugar)
- to a Sink (area of storage or sugar use: Roots, apical meristems, fruits, seeds)

  • Slower than xylem transport
22
Q

In the Pressure-Flow Hypothesis, how is turgor pressure produced?

A

by water entering phloem at a source and leaving at a sink drives flow(in phloem)

23
Q

which type of specialized stem is underground with fleshy leaves attached to a short stem?

A

Bulb

24
Q

which type of specialized stem is a Horizontal underground stem

A

Rhizome

25
Q

which type of specialized stem is a fleshy underground stem enlarged for food storage

A

Tuber

26
Q

which type of specialized stem is short, erect, and underground covered by papery scales

A

Corm

27
Q

which type of specialized stem is horizontal Above ground

A

Stolon

28
Q

at the core of an Herbaceous Eudicot Stem is…

A

Pith

29
Q

What is the Radical in a Taproot System?

A

embryonic root of a seed plant

30
Q

what is a Taproot System?

common in monocots or eudicots?

A

has one main root formed from the radicle from which lateral root extend

common in eudicots

31
Q

How is a Fibrous Root System

primary in monocots or eudicots?

A

has many Adventitious roots of same size developed from stems. Lateral roots branch from adventitious roots

primary in Monocots

32
Q

Roots: Eudicots

3 primary tissues inside and what type of growth

A
  • Epidermis
  • Cortex (ground tissues)
  • Stele (vascular tissues)
33
Q

What is the Epidermis used for, what does it allow?

A

for protection but no cuticle allowing water absorption

34
Q

Root hairs’ functions, where are they located

A

short-lived extensions of epidermal cells

- help absorb water and dissolved minerals

35
Q

what happens that causes clay to be attracted to roots

A

roots secrete H+ (cations) which displace other positively charged mineral ions from soil particles, clay has negative charges on the outer surface

36
Q

Eudicot Roots

  • What is the Cortex mostly made of
  • What is the innermost layer of the cortex called and what does it do?
A

mostly parenchyma cells(store starch)

- Endodermis: regulates movement of water/minerals into root xylem

37
Q

Which of the 2 pathways of water/minerals through the epidermis and cortex…

  • goes along interconnected cell walls, outside of cell membranes until reaches endodermis
  • goes through cell’s interconnect cytoplasm and plasmodesmata, inside cells
A
  • Apoplast

- Symplast

38
Q

Stele (Vascular cylinder)

What gives rise to lateral roots and meristems

A

Pericycle

39
Q

how is xylem and phloem in the root of eudicots

A

xylem forms solid core in the center (NO PITH)

looks like X

40
Q

how is xylem and phloem in the Root of a Monocot

- what type of growth

A

alternate rings of xylem and phloem bundles surround center of PITH

  • NO vascular cambium
  • PRIMRY GROWTH, no secondary growth

Biology (14 decks)

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