Quiz 9.7-9.9 & 6.1-6.3

Question 1

in carbon fixation reactions, what is the energy of both ATP and NADPH used for?

Answer 1

to form organic molecules of CO2

Question 2

12NADPH + 18 ATP + 6CO2–>

Answer 2

C6H12O6 + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + 6 H2O

Question 3

what are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 3

CO2 uptake, Carbon reduction, RuBP regeneration

Question 4

during the CO2 uptake phase CO2 reacts with?

Answer 4

ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

Question 5

the reaction of CO2 with ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) is catalyzed by what?

Answer 5

rubisco

Question 6

during the CO2 uptake phase the 6-carbon products break down into?

Answer 6

two 3-carbon phosphoglycerate (PGA)

Question 7

during the CO2 uptake phase the carbon of CO2 is?

Answer 7

fixed to a carbon skeleton

Question 8

during the carbon reduction phase what is the energy from ATP and NADPH used to do?

Answer 8

convert PGA molecules to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Question 9

during the carbon reduction phase the exergonic reaction of two G3P lead to?

Answer 9

the formation of glucose or fructose

Question 10

when RuBP regenerates how many G3P molecules remain in the Calvin cycle?

Answer 10

10 (30 carbons)

Question 11

what happens to G3P in the RuBP regeneration phase?

Answer 11

a series of 10 reactions rearranges the molecules into 6 molecules of ribulose phosphate

Question 12

during the RuBP regeneration phase what happens to ribulose phosphate?

Answer 12

It is phosphorylated by ATP to produce RuBP which is is used to restart the cycle

Question 13

in the plant, what is G3P?

Answer 13

the basis of chemical synthesis

Question 14

what do enzymes convert G3P to?

Answer 14

glucose and starch

Question 15

some G3P is converted into what molecules that the plant may need?

Answer 15

amino acids, fatty acids, and other organic molecules

Question 16

Some of the G3P is exported to the cytosol where?

Answer 16

it is converted to disaccharide glucose

Question 17

what does photosynthesis produce?

Answer 17

energy and carbon sources used by plants

Question 18

what does photosynthesis remove and add to the atmosphere?

Answer 18

removes CO2, and adds O2

Question 19

Plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria do what to processes?

Answer 19

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Question 20

how do organisms communicate with members of their own species?

Answer 20

by secreting chemical signals

Question 21

what are the four main ways cells communicate?

Answer 21

signal transmission, reception, signal transduction, and response

Question 22

what is signal transmission?

Answer 22

when a cell synthesizes and releases signaling molecules

Question 23

during signal transmission, what must happen if the target cell is not nearby?

Answer 23

the signal must be transported

Question 24

what do signal transmission cells do?

Answer 24

send signals

Question 25

what are cell receptors?

Answer 25

large proteins or glycoproteins that bind with specific signaling molecules

Question 26

what is signal transduction?

Answer 26

when a cell converts extracellular signals into an intracellular signal, and then relays the signal (usually a chain of molecules that relay information)

Question 27

what is cell response?

Answer 27

the alteration of some cell processes

Question 28

what are ways cells communicate?

Answer 28

release of chemical signals, electrical/energy signals, temporary cell to cell contact, and directly through cell junctions

Question 29

what are the types of chemical signals?

Answer 29

interleukins, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and hormones

Question 30

how are interleukins used?

Answer 30

they are involved in cell communication between cells of the immune system

Question 31

how are neurotransmitters used?

Answer 31

to signal between neurons of the nervous system

Question 32

how are growth factors used?

Answer 32

to stimulate cell growth, division, development

Question 33

how are hormones used?

Answer 33

like estrogen and testosterone regulate sexual development and reproduction

Question 34

what is local chemical transmission?

Answer 34

when a local regulator diffuses to target cells

Question 35

local chemical transmission: paracrine

Answer 35

cell 1 to cell 1

Question 36

local chemical transmission: autocrine

Answer 36

cell 1 back to cell 1

Question 37

what is distant chemical transmission?

Answer 37

hormones are transported to distant target cells

Question 38

what releases hormones?

Answer 38

cells or glands

Question 39

how is the ear related to electrical/energy signals?

Answer 39

cells in the ear receive sound waves and convert them to electrical signals

Question 40

how are the eyes related to electrical/energy signals?

Answer 40

celles in the eyes receive light waves and convert them to electrical signals

Question 41

how are neurons related to electrical/energy signals?

Answer 41

neurons relay electrical impulses and in some cases can send and received electrical signals

Question 42

what is temporary cell-cell contact?

Answer 42

cell adhesion molecules (CAM) on the surface of certain immune system cells allow for the cells to home to sites of damage and infection

Question 43

what is direct communication through cell junction?

Answer 43

some cells are joined together with junctions allowing signals to flow freely between their cytoplasms

Question 44

what cell junctions do animals use?

Answer 44

gap junctions

Question 45

what cell junctions do plants use?

Answer 45

plasmodesmata

Question 46

what do cells depend on two determine which signals to respond to?

Answer 46

receptors

Question 47

what does a ligand do?

Answer 47

bind to a specific receptor and trigger a biological response

Question 48

signals can have what when it comes to meaning and target?

Answer 48

different meanings and various targets

Question 49

Signaling molecules that can trigger a response must

Answer 49

fit the specific receptor shape

Question 50

what do hydrophobic molecules do when it comes to binding to receptors?

Answer 50

they bind to intracellular receptors in the the cytosol or nucleus

Question 51

what do hydrophilic molecules do when it comes to binding to receptors?

Answer 51

bind to protein receipts on the surface of the target cell

Question 52

what does receptor-up-regulation do?

Answer 52

increase the number of receipts synthesized and amplifies the signaling molecules effects

Question 53

what does receptor-down-regulation do?

Answer 53

often involves transporting receptors ro lysosomes, where they are destroyed