Quiz 9.7-9.9 & 6.1-6.3 Flashcards
in carbon fixation reactions, what is the energy of both ATP and NADPH used for?
to form organic molecules of CO2
12NADPH + 18 ATP + 6CO2–>
C6H12O6 + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + 6 H2O
what are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?
CO2 uptake, Carbon reduction, RuBP regeneration
during the CO2 uptake phase CO2 reacts with?
ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)
the reaction of CO2 with ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) is catalyzed by what?
rubisco
during the CO2 uptake phase the 6-carbon products break down into?
two 3-carbon phosphoglycerate (PGA)
during the CO2 uptake phase the carbon of CO2 is?
fixed to a carbon skeleton
during the carbon reduction phase what is the energy from ATP and NADPH used to do?
convert PGA molecules to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
during the carbon reduction phase the exergonic reaction of two G3P lead to?
the formation of glucose or fructose
when RuBP regenerates how many G3P molecules remain in the Calvin cycle?
10 (30 carbons)
what happens to G3P in the RuBP regeneration phase?
a series of 10 reactions rearranges the molecules into 6 molecules of ribulose phosphate
during the RuBP regeneration phase what happens to ribulose phosphate?
It is phosphorylated by ATP to produce RuBP which is is used to restart the cycle
in the plant, what is G3P?
the basis of chemical synthesis
what do enzymes convert G3P to?
glucose and starch
some G3P is converted into what molecules that the plant may need?
amino acids, fatty acids, and other organic molecules
Some of the G3P is exported to the cytosol where?
it is converted to disaccharide glucose
what does photosynthesis produce?
energy and carbon sources used by plants
what does photosynthesis remove and add to the atmosphere?
removes CO2, and adds O2
Plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria do what to processes?
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
how do organisms communicate with members of their own species?
by secreting chemical signals
what are the four main ways cells communicate?
signal transmission, reception, signal transduction, and response
what is signal transmission?
when a cell synthesizes and releases signaling molecules
during signal transmission, what must happen if the target cell is not nearby?
the signal must be transported
what do signal transmission cells do?
send signals
what are cell receptors?
large proteins or glycoproteins that bind with specific signaling molecules
what is signal transduction?
when a cell converts extracellular signals into an intracellular signal, and then relays the signal (usually a chain of molecules that relay information)
what is cell response?
the alteration of some cell processes
what are ways cells communicate?
release of chemical signals, electrical/energy signals, temporary cell to cell contact, and directly through cell junctions
what are the types of chemical signals?
interleukins, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and hormones
how are interleukins used?
they are involved in cell communication between cells of the immune system
how are neurotransmitters used?
to signal between neurons of the nervous system
how are growth factors used?
to stimulate cell growth, division, development
how are hormones used?
like estrogen and testosterone regulate sexual development and reproduction
what is local chemical transmission?
when a local regulator diffuses to target cells
local chemical transmission: paracrine
cell 1 to cell 1
local chemical transmission: autocrine
cell 1 back to cell 1
what is distant chemical transmission?
hormones are transported to distant target cells
what releases hormones?
cells or glands
how is the ear related to electrical/energy signals?
cells in the ear receive sound waves and convert them to electrical signals
how are the eyes related to electrical/energy signals?
celles in the eyes receive light waves and convert them to electrical signals
how are neurons related to electrical/energy signals?
neurons relay electrical impulses and in some cases can send and received electrical signals
what is temporary cell-cell contact?
cell adhesion molecules (CAM) on the surface of certain immune system cells allow for the cells to home to sites of damage and infection
what is direct communication through cell junction?
some cells are joined together with junctions allowing signals to flow freely between their cytoplasms
what cell junctions do animals use?
gap junctions
what cell junctions do plants use?
plasmodesmata
what do cells depend on two determine which signals to respond to?
receptors
what does a ligand do?
bind to a specific receptor and trigger a biological response
signals can have what when it comes to meaning and target?
different meanings and various targets
Signaling molecules that can trigger a response must
fit the specific receptor shape
what do hydrophobic molecules do when it comes to binding to receptors?
they bind to intracellular receptors in the the cytosol or nucleus
what do hydrophilic molecules do when it comes to binding to receptors?
bind to protein receipts on the surface of the target cell
what does receptor-up-regulation do?
increase the number of receipts synthesized and amplifies the signaling molecules effects
what does receptor-down-regulation do?
often involves transporting receptors ro lysosomes, where they are destroyed
