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General Bio 1 > Quiz 9.7-9.9 & 6.1-6.3 > Flashcards

Quiz 9.7-9.9 & 6.1-6.3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in carbon fixation reactions, what is the energy of both ATP and NADPH used for?

A

to form organic molecules of CO2

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2
Q

12NADPH + 18 ATP + 6CO2–>

A

C6H12O6 + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + 6 H2O

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3
Q

what are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A

CO2 uptake, Carbon reduction, RuBP regeneration

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4
Q

during the CO2 uptake phase CO2 reacts with?

A

ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

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5
Q

the reaction of CO2 with ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) is catalyzed by what?

A

rubisco

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6
Q

during the CO2 uptake phase the 6-carbon products break down into?

A

two 3-carbon phosphoglycerate (PGA)

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7
Q

during the CO2 uptake phase the carbon of CO2 is?

A

fixed to a carbon skeleton

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8
Q

during the carbon reduction phase what is the energy from ATP and NADPH used to do?

A

convert PGA molecules to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

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9
Q

during the carbon reduction phase the exergonic reaction of two G3P lead to?

A

the formation of glucose or fructose

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10
Q

when RuBP regenerates how many G3P molecules remain in the Calvin cycle?

A

10 (30 carbons)

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11
Q

what happens to G3P in the RuBP regeneration phase?

A

a series of 10 reactions rearranges the molecules into 6 molecules of ribulose phosphate

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12
Q

during the RuBP regeneration phase what happens to ribulose phosphate?

A

It is phosphorylated by ATP to produce RuBP which is is used to restart the cycle

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13
Q

in the plant, what is G3P?

A

the basis of chemical synthesis

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14
Q

what do enzymes convert G3P to?

A

glucose and starch

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15
Q

some G3P is converted into what molecules that the plant may need?

A

amino acids, fatty acids, and other organic molecules

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16
Q

Some of the G3P is exported to the cytosol where?

A

it is converted to disaccharide glucose

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17
Q

what does photosynthesis produce?

A

energy and carbon sources used by plants

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18
Q

what does photosynthesis remove and add to the atmosphere?

A

removes CO2, and adds O2

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19
Q

Plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria do what to processes?

A

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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20
Q

how do organisms communicate with members of their own species?

A

by secreting chemical signals

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21
Q

what are the four main ways cells communicate?

A

signal transmission, reception, signal transduction, and response

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22
Q

what is signal transmission?

A

when a cell synthesizes and releases signaling molecules

23
Q

during signal transmission, what must happen if the target cell is not nearby?

A

the signal must be transported

24
Q

what do signal transmission cells do?

A

send signals

25
Q

what are cell receptors?

A

large proteins or glycoproteins that bind with specific signaling molecules

26
Q

what is signal transduction?

A

when a cell converts extracellular signals into an intracellular signal, and then relays the signal (usually a chain of molecules that relay information)

27
Q

what is cell response?

A

the alteration of some cell processes

28
Q

what are ways cells communicate?

A

release of chemical signals, electrical/energy signals, temporary cell to cell contact, and directly through cell junctions

29
Q

what are the types of chemical signals?

A

interleukins, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and hormones

30
Q

how are interleukins used?

A

they are involved in cell communication between cells of the immune system

31
Q

how are neurotransmitters used?

A

to signal between neurons of the nervous system

32
Q

how are growth factors used?

A

to stimulate cell growth, division, development

33
Q

how are hormones used?

A

like estrogen and testosterone regulate sexual development and reproduction

34
Q

what is local chemical transmission?

A

when a local regulator diffuses to target cells

35
Q

local chemical transmission: paracrine

A

cell 1 to cell 1

36
Q

local chemical transmission: autocrine

A

cell 1 back to cell 1

37
Q

what is distant chemical transmission?

A

hormones are transported to distant target cells

38
Q

what releases hormones?

A

cells or glands

39
Q

how is the ear related to electrical/energy signals?

A

cells in the ear receive sound waves and convert them to electrical signals

40
Q

how are the eyes related to electrical/energy signals?

A

celles in the eyes receive light waves and convert them to electrical signals

41
Q

how are neurons related to electrical/energy signals?

A

neurons relay electrical impulses and in some cases can send and received electrical signals

42
Q

what is temporary cell-cell contact?

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAM) on the surface of certain immune system cells allow for the cells to home to sites of damage and infection

43
Q

what is direct communication through cell junction?

A

some cells are joined together with junctions allowing signals to flow freely between their cytoplasms

44
Q

what cell junctions do animals use?

A

gap junctions

45
Q

what cell junctions do plants use?

A

plasmodesmata

46
Q

what do cells depend on two determine which signals to respond to?

A

receptors

47
Q

what does a ligand do?

A

bind to a specific receptor and trigger a biological response

48
Q

signals can have what when it comes to meaning and target?

A

different meanings and various targets

49
Q

Signaling molecules that can trigger a response must

A

fit the specific receptor shape

50
Q

what do hydrophobic molecules do when it comes to binding to receptors?

A

they bind to intracellular receptors in the the cytosol or nucleus

51
Q

what do hydrophilic molecules do when it comes to binding to receptors?

A

bind to protein receipts on the surface of the target cell

52
Q

what does receptor-up-regulation do?

A

increase the number of receipts synthesized and amplifies the signaling molecules effects

53
Q

what does receptor-down-regulation do?

A

often involves transporting receptors ro lysosomes, where they are destroyed

General Bio 1 (14 decks)

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