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General Bio 1 > Chapter 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a cell?

A

the smallest unit that can carry out all activities associated with life

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2
Q

what is cellular theory?

A

cells are the basic units of life, cells come from cells, and cells have a common origin

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3
Q

what are the basic functions of all cells?

A

maintaining homeostasis, specialized organelles, genetic instructions coded in DNA

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4
Q

How does the Plasma Membrane support homeostasis?

A

the plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier which allows specific materials in and out of the cell, separating the cell from the outside environment

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5
Q

what is surface area/volume ratio and how does it affect diffusion?

A

the size of the cell compared to its volume affects the rate in which products can diffuse within the cell. Smaller ratio= slower diffusion process

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6
Q

who first described cells using a self-made microscope?

A

Robert Hooke

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7
Q

What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discover using a self-made small lense?

A

bacteria, protists, blood cells, and sperm cells

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8
Q

What is light microscopy?

A

the study of stained and living cells. consisting of a tube with glass lenses on each end where visible light passes through.

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9
Q

what is magnification?

A

the ratio of the size of the image in the microscope compared to its actual size

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10
Q

what is resolution?

A

the minimum distance between two points at which they can both be seen separately

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11
Q

what is electron microscopy?

A

used to study the ultrastructure of cells, two types

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12
Q

what are the two types of electron microscopy?

A

transmission and scanning

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13
Q

what is cell fraction?

A

a technique used for separating parts of the cell for studying. cells are spun in a centrifuge, separating the extract into pellet and supernatant

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14
Q

what type of cell are bacteria and archaea?

A

prokaryotic

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15
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

characterized by highly organized and specialized membrane enclosed organelles

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16
Q

what are structures within the eukaryotic cell?

A

lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi complex, ER,, nucleus and nucleolus, centrioles, microtubules, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell membrane

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17
Q

what are structures within the prokaryotic cell?

A

cell wall, ell membrane, Golgi complex, ribosomes, chloroplast, vacuole membrane, nucleus and nucleolus, ER, druse crystal, mitochondrion, cytoplasm, amyloplast, aphid crystal, and large central vacuole

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18
Q

what are the benefits of a cell membrane?

A

the compartments allow for specialization, chemical reactions carried out by enzyme bound membrane, allow for storage of energy

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19
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

the control center of the cell, houses DNA (including replication and transcription)

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20
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

occurs during cell division, when DNA is reproduced and passed on to two daughter cells

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21
Q

What is transcription of DNA?

A

DNA to mRNA occurs in the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are manufactured

22
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA associates with RNA and certain proteins, tightly packs DNA

23
Q

What is the function of the nucleoli?

A

synthesize ribosomal RNA

24
Q

What is the function of the nucleoli?

A

synthesize ribosomal RNA

25
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

an organelle found free in the cytoplasm or attached to certain membranes; synthesizes proteins (consists proteins and rRNA)

26
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

a network of organelles that exchange materials through small membrane-enclosed transport vesicles

27
Q

what does the smooth ER synthesize?

A

lipids and breaks down toxins

28
Q

what does the rough ER synthesize?

A

secreted and membrane proteins

29
Q

what is the Golgi complex?

A

consists of stacks of flattened membranous spaces called cisternae

30
Q

what are the three portions of the Golgi stack?

A

cis face, trans face, medial region

31
Q

what is cis face?

A

entry surface

32
Q

what is trans face?

A

exit surface

33
Q

what is medial region?

A

in between

34
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

small sacs of digestive enzymes dispersed in the cytoplasm of animal cells only

35
Q

what is the structure of primary lysosomes?

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes and synthesized in rough ER

36
Q

How is the Golgi complex directed to sort enzymes to lysosomes?

A

by attached sugars

37
Q

what do secondary lysosome do?

A

aid in cell digestion

38
Q

what is a vacuole?

A

large, single, membrane-enclosed sacs (tonoplast is the membrane of the vacuole), play a significant role in plant growth and development

39
Q

what are mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

energy converting organelles that convert chemical or light energy into ATP. Both have their own ribosomes and DNA molecules

40
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

conversion of chemical energy in certain foods to ATP

41
Q

what is the inter membrane space and matrix?

A

a double membrane forms two compartments

42
Q

what is chlorophyll?

A

a green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis

43
Q

what are the components of the cytoskeleton?

A

plasma membrane, microfilaments, intermediate filament, and microtubules

44
Q

what are microtubules?

A

hollow cylinders that are rigid

45
Q

what are microfilaments?

A

consist of intertwined strings of actin filaments, flexible solid fibers consisting of two intertwined polymer chains

46
Q

how do microfilaments generate movement?

A

by rapidly assembling and disassembling
myosin and actin

47
Q

what are intermediate filaments?

A

tough flexible fibers about 10 nm in diameter

48
Q

what are cilia and flagella?

A

unicellular and small multicellular organisms that move through watery environments

49
Q

what is glycocalyx?

A

surrounds many cells and allows cells to recognized one another, make contact, and form adhesive or communicating associations, contributes to mechanical strength

50
Q

what are fibronectins?

A

organize the matrix and help cells attach to it

51
Q

where are integrins?

A

in the plasma membrane maintain adhesions between ECM and intermediate filaments nd microfilaments inside the cell

52
Q

what does a plant cell wall contain?

A

cellulose

General Bio 1 (14 decks)

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