Chapter 4 Vocab

Question 1

what is a cell?

Answer 1

the smallest unit that can carry out all activities associated with life

Question 2

what is cellular theory?

Answer 2

cells are the basic units of life, cells come from cells, and cells have a common origin

Question 3

what are the basic functions of all cells?

Answer 3

maintaining homeostasis, specialized organelles, genetic instructions coded in DNA

Question 4

How does the Plasma Membrane support homeostasis?

Answer 4

the plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier which allows specific materials in and out of the cell, separating the cell from the outside environment

Question 5

what is surface area/volume ratio and how does it affect diffusion?

Answer 5

the size of the cell compared to its volume affects the rate in which products can diffuse within the cell. Smaller ratio= slower diffusion process

Question 6

who first described cells using a self-made microscope?

Answer 6

Robert Hooke

Question 7

What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discover using a self-made small lense?

Answer 7

bacteria, protists, blood cells, and sperm cells

Question 8

What is light microscopy?

Answer 8

the study of stained and living cells. consisting of a tube with glass lenses on each end where visible light passes through.

Question 9

what is magnification?

Answer 9

the ratio of the size of the image in the microscope compared to its actual size

Question 10

what is resolution?

Answer 10

the minimum distance between two points at which they can both be seen separately

Question 11

what is electron microscopy?

Answer 11

used to study the ultrastructure of cells, two types

Question 12

what are the two types of electron microscopy?

Answer 12

transmission and scanning

Question 13

what is cell fraction?

Answer 13

a technique used for separating parts of the cell for studying. cells are spun in a centrifuge, separating the extract into pellet and supernatant

Question 14

what type of cell are bacteria and archaea?

Answer 14

prokaryotic

Question 15

what is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 15

characterized by highly organized and specialized membrane enclosed organelles

Question 16

what are structures within the eukaryotic cell?

Answer 16

lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi complex, ER,, nucleus and nucleolus, centrioles, microtubules, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell membrane

Question 17

what are structures within the prokaryotic cell?

Answer 17

cell wall, ell membrane, Golgi complex, ribosomes, chloroplast, vacuole membrane, nucleus and nucleolus, ER, druse crystal, mitochondrion, cytoplasm, amyloplast, aphid crystal, and large central vacuole

Question 18

what are the benefits of a cell membrane?

Answer 18

the compartments allow for specialization, chemical reactions carried out by enzyme bound membrane, allow for storage of energy

Question 19

what is the nucleus?

Answer 19

the control center of the cell, houses DNA (including replication and transcription)

Question 20

What is DNA replication?

Answer 20

occurs during cell division, when DNA is reproduced and passed on to two daughter cells

Question 21

What is transcription of DNA?

Answer 21

DNA to mRNA occurs in the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are manufactured

Question 22

What is chromatin?

Answer 22

DNA associates with RNA and certain proteins, tightly packs DNA

Question 23

What is the function of the nucleoli?

Answer 23

synthesize ribosomal RNA

Question 24

What is the function of the nucleoli?

Answer 24

synthesize ribosomal RNA

Question 25

What is a ribosome?

Answer 25

an organelle found free in the cytoplasm or attached to certain membranes; synthesizes proteins (consists proteins and rRNA)

Question 26

What is the endomembrane system?

Answer 26

a network of organelles that exchange materials through small membrane-enclosed transport vesicles

Question 27

what does the smooth ER synthesize?

Answer 27

lipids and breaks down toxins

Question 28

what does the rough ER synthesize?

Answer 28

secreted and membrane proteins

Question 29

what is the Golgi complex?

Answer 29

consists of stacks of flattened membranous spaces called cisternae

Question 30

what are the three portions of the Golgi stack?

Answer 30

cis face, trans face, medial region

Question 31

what is cis face?

Answer 31

entry surface

Question 32

what is trans face?

Answer 32

exit surface

Question 33

what is medial region?

Answer 33

in between

Question 34

what are lysosomes?

Answer 34

small sacs of digestive enzymes dispersed in the cytoplasm of animal cells only

Question 35

what is the structure of primary lysosomes?

Answer 35

contain hydrolytic enzymes and synthesized in rough ER

Question 36

How is the Golgi complex directed to sort enzymes to lysosomes?

Answer 36

by attached sugars

Question 37

what do secondary lysosome do?

Answer 37

aid in cell digestion

Question 38

what is a vacuole?

Answer 38

large, single, membrane-enclosed sacs (tonoplast is the membrane of the vacuole), play a significant role in plant growth and development

Question 39

what are mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Answer 39

energy converting organelles that convert chemical or light energy into ATP. Both have their own ribosomes and DNA molecules

Question 40

what is aerobic respiration

Answer 40

conversion of chemical energy in certain foods to ATP

Question 41

what is the inter membrane space and matrix?

Answer 41

a double membrane forms two compartments

Question 42

what is chlorophyll?

Answer 42

a green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis

Question 43

what are the components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 43

plasma membrane, microfilaments, intermediate filament, and microtubules

Question 44

what are microtubules?

Answer 44

hollow cylinders that are rigid

Question 45

what are microfilaments?

Answer 45

consist of intertwined strings of actin filaments, flexible solid fibers consisting of two intertwined polymer chains

Question 46

how do microfilaments generate movement?

Answer 46

by rapidly assembling and disassembling myosin and actin

Question 47

what are intermediate filaments?

Answer 47

tough flexible fibers about 10 nm in diameter

Question 48

what are cilia and flagella?

Answer 48

unicellular and small multicellular organisms that move through watery environments

Question 49

what is glycocalyx?

Answer 49

surrounds many cells and allows cells to recognized one another, make contact, and form adhesive or communicating associations, contributes to mechanical strength

Question 50

what are fibronectins?

Answer 50

organize the matrix and help cells attach to it

Question 51

where are integrins?

Answer 51

in the plasma membrane maintain adhesions between ECM and intermediate filaments nd microfilaments inside the cell

Question 52

what does a plant cell wall contain?

Answer 52

cellulose