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General Bio 1 > Chapter 7 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do cells do with energy?

A

convert it from one form to another

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2
Q

what is radiant energy?

A

the ultimate source of energy (photosynthesis; sun’s energy –> chemical energy)

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3
Q

what is matter?

A

anything at has mass and takes up space

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4
Q

what is energy?

A

the capacity to do work (change in state or motion of matter)

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5
Q

how much energy do photosynthetic organisms capture?

A

about 0.02%

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6
Q

how is energy expressed in units of work?

A

kilojoules, kJ

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7
Q

how is energy expressed in units of heat energy?

A

kilocalories, kcal

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8
Q

what does 1 kcal equal?

A

4.184kJ

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9
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

heat and temperature and its relation to energy and work

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10
Q

mass is technically energy, what is the equation?

A

E=mc^2

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11
Q

what is potential energy?

A

the capacity to do work as a result of position or state (water behind a dam)

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12
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

energy of motions is used, work is performed (water falling through a turbine)

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13
Q

what is an energy transformation?

A

occurs in series, kinetic energy is converted to potential energy or potential energy to kinetic

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14
Q

what is chemical energy?

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds (food –>mechanical energy for muscles)

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15
Q

what does thermodynamics govern?

A

all activities of the universe

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16
Q

biological systems are?

A

open systems that exchange energy with their surroundings

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17
Q

what type of system is the universe?

A

closed

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18
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted
-energy is the system plus sits surrounding

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19
Q

how do organisms obey the first law of thermodynamics?

A

by capturing energy from the environment and transforming it to a form that can be used for biological systems

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20
Q

according to the first law of thermodynamics, what happens to mass-energy of an object?

A

mass-energy does not change, it can only go from one form to another

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21
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

during energy transformations, usable energy/energy available to do work is converted into heat and given off

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22
Q

what is heat

A

the kinetic energy of randomly moving particles or less- usable energy “disorganized energy”

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23
Q

what happens to usable energy according the second law of thermodynamics?

A

as heat is loss, the amount of usable energy available decreases over time

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24
Q

what is entropy?

A

the measure of the disorder or randomness of energy, organized and disorganized (Unusable energy in a system)

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25
Q

what is organized/order energy?

A

usable energy that has a low entropy

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26
Q

what is disorganized/disorder energy?

A

energy (like heat) that has a high entropy

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27
Q

what happens to total energy over time?

A

the total entropy of the universe always increases over time

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28
Q

energy conversion are never?

A

100%

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29
Q

what is entropy (S)?

A

the quantitative measure of the increase in disorder or randomness that occurs with energy transformation

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30
Q

equation for the first and second law of thermodynamics

A

H=G+S
Enthalpy (H), Entropy (S), Free Energy (G)

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31
Q

what is free energy?

A

energy that is available to do cellular work, chemical reaction involve change in free energy (deltaG)

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32
Q

What is the relationship between free energy and entropy?

A

inversely related

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33
Q

total free energy in a system cannot be measure, but what can?

A

changes in free energy
deltaG=deltaH - T deltaS

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34
Q

relationship between total energy and entropy?

A

total energy is constant and entropy always increases

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35
Q

what is metabolism?

A

all chemical reactions taking place in an organism (also includes intersecting chemical reactions like anabolism + catabolism)

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36
Q

what is anabolism?

A

pathways in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler substance (REQUIRES ENERGY)

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37
Q

what is catabolism?

A

pathways in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones (GIVES OFF ENERGY)

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38
Q

what is an exergonic reaction?

A

a reaction that releases energy and is a “downhill” reaction, from higher to lower free energy ; deltaG is negative

39
Q

what is activation energy?

A

energy needed to initiate every reaction even spontaneous ones, energy required to break existing bonds and begin a reactions

40
Q

what is an endergonic reaction?

A

a reaction in which there is a gain of free energy, delta G is positive and the free energy of the products is greater than the free energy of reactants (REQUIRES AN INPUT OF ENERGY)

41
Q

what is the relationship between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

A

exergonic reactions supply energy for endergonic reactions

42
Q

what type of reaction is diffusion?

A

exergonic, the movement. of particles down their concentration gradient creates energy

43
Q

what is a concentration gradient?

A

an orderly state with a region of higher concentration and another region of lower concentration (cells must expend energy to produce a gradient)

44
Q

endergonic reactions couple with?

A

exergonic reactions

45
Q

what is a coupled reaction?

A

thermodynamically favorable exergonic reaction provides energy require to drive a thermodynamically unfavorable endergonic reaction

46
Q

what do exergonic reactions in cells involve?

A

the breakdown of ATP

47
Q

what is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups; used to temporarily store energy in cells, hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP and inorganic phosphate

48
Q

what is the ratio of ATP to ADP in a cell

A

more than 10 ATP for every ADP

49
Q

what do high levels of ATP do?

A

make the hydrolysis reaction more strongly exergonic, and more able to drive coupled endergonic reactions

50
Q

why is ATP constantly used and replaced?

A

the cell cannot store large quantities of ATP

51
Q

how much ATP do humans use?

A

45Kg ATP a day

52
Q

how many ATP do cells make per second?

A

10 million ATP per second

53
Q

what is a redox reaction?

A

a series of electron transfers (cellular respiration, photosynthesis, etc)

54
Q

what is oxidation?

A

when a substance loses electrons

55
Q

what is reduction?

A

when a substance gains electrons

56
Q

redox reaction in cells usually involve?

A

the transfer of H+

57
Q

what happens to an electrons free energy as it is transferred to different acceptors?

A

free energy is progressively lost

58
Q

what does NADH do in cellular respiration?

A

tranfers elections, the energy is then transfered in a series to reaction to form ATP

59
Q

where is NADPH used?

A

used in photosynthesis

60
Q

what is Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)?

A

nucleotide that accepts hydrogen atoms and their electrons (reduced form is FADH2)

61
Q

what are cytochromes?

A

proteins that contain iron, iron accepts electrons from H+ atoms and transfers them to another compounds

62
Q

what are enzymes?

A

increase the speed of a chemical reaction without being consumes by the reaction

63
Q

what is catalase?

A

has the highest known catalytic rate, protects cells by destroying H2O2

64
Q

what is an Enzyme Substrate complex?

A

an unstable complex which breaks up and releases product

65
Q

The ES complex contains?

A

an enzyme + substrate

66
Q

what is an active site?

A

the region where a substrate binds on an enzyme

67
Q

what is induced fit?

A

binding of a substrate to the enzyme causes a change in enzyme shape (distort the chemical bonds of a substrate)

68
Q

what facilitates the breakage and formation of products?

A

proximity and orientation of reactants plus strains in chemical bonds

69
Q

what makes enzymes specific?

A

shape of the active site, specific to certain chemical bonds, protein structure

70
Q

what are the two components of enzymes?

A

apoenzyme and cofactor (non protein)

71
Q

what is a cofactor?

A

a specific metal ion (iron, copper, zinc, and manganese)

72
Q

what cofactors does the enzyme DNA polymerase have?

A

magnesium and zinc

73
Q

what are coenzymes?

A

organic nonpolypeptide compounds that bind to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor

74
Q

what carrier molecules do most coenzymes contain?

A

NADH, NADPH, FADH2 (transfer electrons); ATP (to transfer phosphate groups); coenzyme A (transfer group derived from organic acids)

75
Q

what are most vitamins?

A

coenzymes or components of coenzymes

76
Q

what do enzymes have regarding temperature?

A

optimal temperature

77
Q

what are heat tolerant archaea?

A

certain archaea that have enzymes allowing them to survive extreme habitats

78
Q

what is the optimal pH for human enzymes?

A

between 6 to 8

79
Q

Enzymes are specific to what?

A

temperature, pH, and shape

80
Q

what are metabolic pathways?

A

the product of one enzyme-controlled reaction serves as substrate for the next series of reactions

81
Q

what does the removal and intermediate and final products do?

A

drive the sequence of reaction in a particular direction

82
Q

what is a multi enzyme complex?

A

when enzymes bind to one another; transfers intermediate in the pathway from one active site to another

83
Q

what is gene control?

A

when a specific gene directs synthesis of each type of enzyme; genes can be turned on by a signal (hormone or molecule), amounts of the enzymes influence overall cell reaction rate

84
Q

what can limit rate of reaction?

A

enzyme concentration or substrate concentration

85
Q

relationship between rate of reaction and enzyme concentration?

A

directly proportional

86
Q

how is rate of reaction measured?

A

at different enzyme concentrations with an excess of substrate present (temp and pH are constant)

87
Q

the product of one enzymatic reaction can?

A

fuel the next reaction

88
Q

what is feedback inhibition?

A

enzyme regulation in which the formation of a product inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence

89
Q

what is an allosteric site?

A

modifies the enzyme activity when the enzyme is bound to it “another space”. keeps the enzyme in an inactive states

90
Q

what do allosteric activators do?

A

result in a functional active site

91
Q

what is competitive inhibition?

A

the inhibitor competes with the normal substrate for the active site of the enzyme (occupies the active site temporarily)

92
Q

what is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at a site other than the active site, altering the shape of the enzyme and thereby activating it

93
Q

what is irreversible inhibition?

A

inhibitor permanently inactivates or destroys an enzyme when the inhibitor combines with one of the enzyme’s functional groups (at the active site or elsewhere), most poison (mercury, lead, nerve gases, cyanide)

General Bio 1 (14 decks)

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