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General Bio 1 > 7.7-8.3 Quiz > Flashcards

7.7-8.3 Quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how is energy transferred

A

through redox reactions, the transfer of electrons

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2
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons

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3
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

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4
Q

examples of redox reactions

A

cellular respiration, photosynthesis, etc

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5
Q

Redox reactions in cells involve

A

the transfer of a hydrogen atom, electrons progressively lose free energy through transfers

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6
Q

result in the formation of ATP

A

a series of energy transfers

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7
Q

NADPH is involved in

A

photosynthesis

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8
Q

what is the reduced form of FAD

A

FADH2

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9
Q

cytochromes

A

proteins that contain iron which accepts electrons from hydrogen and then transfers them

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10
Q

what is the function of enzymes

A

increase speed of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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11
Q

what is catalase

A

an enzyme with the highest known catalytic rate; protects cells by destroying hydrogen peroxide

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12
Q

what is activation energy

A

the energy required to begin a reaction and break existing bonds

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13
Q

enzyme substrate complex

A

an unstable intermediate complex formed by the enzyme in order to control the reaction

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14
Q

enzyme + substrate –>

A

ES complex

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15
Q

ES complex –>

A

enzyme + product

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16
Q

what is an active site

A

a region on an enzyme where the substrate binds

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17
Q

induced fit

A

binding of substrate to the enzyme causes a change in shape of the enzyme (distorting the chemical bonds of the substrate)

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18
Q

two components of some enzymes

A

apoenzyme and a cofactor (non protein, specific metal ion; iron, copper, zinc, and manganese)

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19
Q

what is a coenzymes

A

organic non polypeptide compound the binds to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor (carrier molecules)

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20
Q

types of coenzymes

A

NADH, NADPH, FADH2, ATP, Coenzyme A (most vitamins)

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21
Q

heat and enzyme relation

A

enzymes are heat tolerant, arches have certain enzymes that allow them to survive extreme habitats

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22
Q

enzymes have an optimal pH

A

most human enzymes is 6 to 8

23
Q

metabolic pathways

A

the product of one enzymes-controlled reaction serves as substrate for the next reaction

24
Q

gene control

A

a specific gene directs synthesis of each type of enzyme
(genes can be switched on the amount of enzyme can influence the reaction)

25
Q

how can rate of reaction be limited

A

by enzyme concentration or by substrate concentration

26
Q

enzymatic reactions reactant and product relationship

A

the product of one reaction is the reactant for the next

27
Q

feedback inhibition

A

enzyme regulation in which the formation of a product inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence

28
Q

allosteric site

A

modifies the enzyme’s activity when an allosteric regulator is bound to it , keeps the enzyme inactive equaling a functional active site

29
Q

competitive inhibition

A

the inhibitor competes with the normal substrate for the active site of the enzyme (temporary)

30
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at the a site other than the active site, altering the shape of the enzyme and inactivating it

31
Q

irreversible inhibition

A

inhibitor permanently inactivates or destroys an enzyme when the inhibitor combines with one of the enzymes functional group, either at the active site of elsewhere (poisons)

32
Q

why do cells use aerobic respiration

A

to obtain energy from glucose (glucose oxidized, oxygen reduced)

33
Q

aerobic respiration requires

A

O2 and nutrients are catabolized to CO2 and H2O, free energy increases

34
Q

stages of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, citric acid cycle and electron transport and chemiosmosis

35
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

in the cytoplasm, making pyruvate and 2 ATP

36
Q

dehydrogenations

A

two hydrogens are transferred to NAD+ or FAD

37
Q

decarboxylation

A

part of a carboxyl group is removed as a molecules of CO2

38
Q

preparation reaction

A

molecules are rearranged to undergo further dehydrations or decarboxylation

39
Q

phosphorylation

A

transfer of a phosphate group, may be substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

two ways ATP is produced

A

substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

41
Q

substrate phosphorylation

A

a phosphate group is transferred directly from an organic molecules to ADP

42
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

transfer of phosphate group to ADP is due indirectly to the oxidation of NADH and FADH2, and directly chemiosmosis

43
Q

what stages of respiration occur in the mitochondria

A

formation of acetyl coA, citric acid cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmosis

44
Q

glycolysis

A

starts with a 6 carbon and 2 ATP in, ends with 4 ATP 3 pyruvate; endergonic and exergonic reaction

45
Q

glycolysis net yield

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH

46
Q

first phase of glycolysis

A

input of energy; transfer of phosphate group from ATP to glucose. yields 2 G3P (high energy)
glucose + 2 ATP = 2 G3P + 2 ADP

47
Q

second phase of glycolysis (energy capture)

A

G3P oxidized and converted to pyruvate
2 G3P + 2 NAD+ +4ADP = 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP

48
Q

overall glycolysis makes

A

2 G3P, 2 ADP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP

49
Q

stage 2 pyruvate converted to aceyl coA

A

pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, NAD+ is reduced to NADH
2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 3 CoA = 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 CO2

50
Q

total end results of aerobic respiration

A

2 G3P, 2 ADP, 2 pyruvate, 4 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2

51
Q

Cirtic Acid Cycle / Krebs cycle/ TCA cycle

A

acetyl CoA tranfers acetoyl group (2C’s) to oxaloacetate (4 C’s) to form citrate (6 C’s)
oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA == citrate + CoA

52
Q

citric acid cycle net yield

A

6 CO2, 6 NADH

53
Q

citric acid cycle products

A

1 ATP, 1 FADH2, 3 NADH

General Bio 1 (14 decks)

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