4.9-5.4 Quiz Flashcards
What is the Golgi Complex
consists of stacks of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. The Golgi complex processes, sorts, and modifies proteins.
What are the three areas of the Golgi stack?
cis face, trans face, and medial region
What is cis face?
entry surface
What is trans face?
exit surface
What is medial region?
in between
What is a lysosome?
a small sac of digestive enzymes dispersed in the cytoplasm of animal cells
What is a primary lysosome?
contains hydrolytic enzymes (enzymes that break apart polymers) synthesized in the rough ER. The sugars attached to the molecules help direct the Golgi complex in sorting
What is a secondary lysosome?
one or more primary lysosomes fused with a vesicle when bacteria or debris is engulfed by the cell
What are vacuoles
large, single, membrane-enclosed sacs. Tonoplast is the membrane of a vacuole
What does the central vacuole play a significant role in?
plant growth and development
What are plant vacuoles like and why?
lysosomes because they break down waste
What are the functions of mitochondria and chloroplast?
facilitate the conversion of energy from one form to another. Chemical energy and light energy are converted into ATP.
Mitochondria and Chloroplast have their own?
DNA and ribosomes
How does the mitochondria make ATP?
through aerobic respirations where the chemical energy of food is converted
What does the double membrane of a mitochondria form?
inter membrane space and matrix
How do chloroplast make energy?
conversion of light energy to chemical energy via photosynthesis
What is chlorophyll?
a green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis
What does the cytoskeleton consist of?
plasma membrane, microfilament, intermediate filament, and microtubules
What are microtubules?
rigid hollow rods
what are microfilaments/actin filaments?
flexible solid fibers consisting of two intertwined polymer chains of beadlike actin molecules linked by linker proteins. Form the cell cortex
How do microfilaments generate movement?
rapid assembly and disassembly
What are the two types of specialized filaments of muscle cells?
myosin and actin
What is intermediate filament?
tough, flexible fibers that provide mechanical strength and help to stabilize cell shape
What do Ciliia and Flagella consist of?
microtubules
What is the function of both cilia and flagella?
to help unicellular and small multicellular organisms move through a watery environment
What is a glycocalyx?
cell covering that allows cells to recognize one another, make contact, and form adhesive or communicating associations. contributes to the mechanical strength of multicellular tissues.
What is an extracellular matrix?
a gel of carbohydrates and fibrous proteins (mainly collagen)
What do fibronectins do?
organize the matrix and help cells attach to it
What do integrins do?
in the plasma membrane they maintain adhesion between the ECM and intermediate filaments and microfilaments inside the cell
Most bacteria, archaea, fungi, and plants are surrounded by?
a cell wall, in plants it contains cellulose
What is the importance of a biological membrane?
to separate the cell from its external environment, membrane proteins are critical to cell membrane activities
What does the plasma membrane do?
regulate the passage of materials and helps to maintain homeostasis
What is the fluid mosaic model?
phospholipid bilayers behave like liquid crystals. phospholipids can rotate or move laterally within the layer and move along the plane of the membrane producing a fluid configuration
Describe lipid bilayers?
flexible, and allow membranes to change shape without breaking. self-sealing, and can fuse with other bilayer for the transfer of materials
What properties of the lipid bilayer determine function of the cell?
boundary (regulation of passage), work surface (chemical reactions, synthesis and breakdown), and energy storage (potential energy)
What is an integral protein?
amphipathic proteins firmly bound to the membrane
What is a transmembrane?
integral proteins extended completely through the membrane
What is a peripheral protein?
on the inner of outer surface of the membrane, bound to the exposed regions of an integral protein
