7.0-7.6 Quiz Flashcards
cells obtain energy and later ___
convert energy
what is radiant energy?
the ultimate source of energy for live organisms to capture the sun’s energy and covert it into chemical energy
what is matter?
anything that has mass and takes up space
what is energy?
the capacity to do work (change in state or motion of matter)
what are units of work?
kilojoules, kJ
what are units of heat energy?
kilocalories, kcal
1 kcal=
4.184 kJ
what is thermodynamics?
heat and temperature and its relation to energy and work, governs all activities in the universe
what is mass technically?
energy, E= mc^2
what is potential energy?
capacity to do work as a result of position or state (the set up)
what is kinetic energy?
energy of motion is used, work is performed (the action itself)
what are energy transformations?
a series of transformations that occur as kinetic energy is converted to potential energy or vice versa
what is chemical energy?
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
are biological systems opened or closed?
opened (constantly exchanging materials with the environment), the universe is closed
what is the first law of thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted (the energy of any system plus its surroundings is constant)
what is the second law of thermodynamics?
when energy conversion occurs, some usable energy is lost in the form of heat
what is heat?
the kinetic energy of randomly moving particles, “disorganized energy” that is less usable (usable energy in the universe decreases overtime)
what is entropy?
the measure of the disorder or randomness of energy, unusable energy in a system
what is organized energy?
usable energy has a low entropy
what is disorganized energy?
energy such as heat that has a high entropy
what happened to total entropy over time?
it increases
what does entropy stand for?
S, the quantitive measure of the increase in disorder that occurs during energy transformation
what is enthalpy?
H, the total potential energy of a system (remains constant)
equation that related enthalpy, entropy , and free energy
H=G+S
what is free energy?
energy that is available to do cellular work (chemical runs have changes in free energy, deltaG)
relationship between free energy (G) and entropy (S)
G is inversely related to S
equation for the release of energy or required energy
deltaG= deltaH + TdeltaS
relationship between total energy and entropy
total energy is constant but entropy always increases
what is metabolism?
all chemical reactions taking place in an organism; intersecting chemical reactions
what are two types of metabolism?
anabolism and catabolism
what is anabolism?
pathways in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler substances (requires energy)
what is catabolism?
pathways in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones (releases energy)
when does free energy decrease?
during exergonic reactions
what is an exergonic reaction?
releases energy and is a “downhill” reactions, from high to low, deltaG is negative (requires a certain amount of activation energy)
what is an endergonic reaction?
a reaction in which there is a gain of free energy, positive deltaG (requires an input of energy from the environment)
relationship between exergonic and endergonic reactions
exergonic reactions provide energy for endergonic reactions
what type of reaction is diffusion?
exergonic as particles move down their concentration gradient
What are coupled reactions?
thermodynamically favorable exergonic reactions provide energy required to drive a thermodynamically unfavorable endergonic reaction (exergonic is coupled to exergonic)
which reaction involves the breakdown of ATP
in living sells, exergonic relationships
what is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
nucleotide consisting or adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
the hydrolysis of ATP yields?
ADP and inorganic phosphate
how many ATP molecules per ADP molecules are in each cell?
10 ATP, the cell cannot large quantities of ATP
