Quiz 8.4-8.8 Flashcards
what is the yield of the oxidation of NADH?
3 ATP per NADH
what is the yield of the oxidation of FADH2?
2 ATP per molecule
what is the range of net ATP formed from NADH?
28-30
what are two metabolic intermediates that enter glycolysis or the citric acid cycle?
amino acids or lipids
what is deamination?
when the amino group is removed from an amino acid
what is the first step in using amino acids as an intermediate?
removing the amine group and using the reaming carbon chain for aerobic respiration
what is the waste product excreted from deamination?
urea
after deamination what happens to the remaining carbon chain?
it can be converted to pyruvate, OAA, or other metabolic intermediates
how are lipids used as an intermediate?
glycerol is converted to a compound that enter glycolysis and the fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle
what is the electron transport chain coupled to?
ATP synthesis
what happens to NADH and FADH once they enter the ETC?
the electrons move from one acceptor to another
what is the ETC is eukaryotes?
a series of electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
what happens in complex 1 of the ETC?
electrons from NADH are accepted
what happens in complex 2 of the ETC?
electrons from FADH2 are accepted
what happens in complex 3 of the ETC?
electrons are accepted from reduced ubiquinone and passed to cytochrome c
what happens in complex 4 of the ETC?
cytochrome c oxidase accepts the electron from cytochrome c and reduces O2 to H2O
what is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
oxygen
what happens to the ETC is there is a lack of oxygen flow?
the ETC is blocked and no additional ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation
what do poisons do to the normal activity of cytochromes?
inhibit ex) cyanide
what is chemiosmosis?
the process by which ATP is formed as protons diffuse through transmembrane channels in ATP
What does the ETC do that sets the stage for chemiosmosis?
created an electron gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
how do protons diffuse from the inter membrane space to the matrix?
via the enzyme complex ATP synthase
what does the central structure or ATP synthase do?
rotates, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
how does chemiosmosis allow for the production of ATP?
by allowing exergonic reactions to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
what is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
nitrate and sulfate
what are the products of anaerobic respiration?
CO2, reduced nitrite or sulfite, and ATP
what are examples of prokaryotes that use anaerobic respiration?
waterlogged soil, stagnant points, and animal intestines
what is fermentation?
an anaerobic pathway that does not involve an ETC; only 2 ATPs formed per glucose and NADH transfer protons for to organic molecules making NAD
