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General Bio 1 > Ch4&5 Test Study Guide (BRC) > Flashcards

Ch4&5 Test Study Guide (BRC) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

magnification

A

the ratio of the size of the object seen with the microscope to the actual size
(making something small seem large)

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2
Q

resolution

A

the ability to see two objects separately or distinguish two objects from each other

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3
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

used to see the details on the surface of the cell

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4
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

used to see the details of cellular components and internal cellular structures

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5
Q

cell fractionation

A

separation of cell components; broken apart via centrifugation and organelles are separated by density (more dense= sink, less dense=suspends)

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6
Q

glycocalyx

A

matrix that aids cells in recognition, contact, and adhesion to other cells

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7
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

-cells are basic loving units of organization and function
-cells come from other cells
-cells have a common origin

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8
Q

What is the significance of cell size and surface area?

A

surface area/volume ratio decreases as the cell increases; small cells have a large ratio which allows for faster diffusion

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9
Q

prokaryote

A

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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10
Q

eukaryote

A

specialized membrane bound organelles and membrane enclosed nucleus

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11
Q

what are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

the membrane allows for specialization and simultaneous functioning of cells

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12
Q

What is the path of a protein through the EMS

A

made/packaged by the rough ER–> transported vesicles carriers protein to cis face entry and fuses to Golgi–> Golgi modifies/packages as it travels through the medial region–> exits trans face through a new vesicle

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13
Q

cilia vs flagella

A

cilia are small and move substances across cell surfaces while flagella are ling and helps cells move through watery environments

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14
Q

nucleus structure

A

where rRNA is made, enclosed nuclear envelopes (inner/outer), nuclear pores for transport in/out cell

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15
Q

what is the nucleus’ function

A

control center

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16
Q

what is the structure of a ribosome?

A

large & small subunit

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17
Q

what is the structure and functions of the smooth ER?

A

has no attached ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and breaks down toxins

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18
Q

what is the structure and functions of the rough ER?

A

has attached ribosomes, synthesizes proteins

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19
Q

what is the structure of the Golgi complex?

A

flattened membranous sacs (cisternae), cis face, medial region, and trans face

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20
Q

what is the function go the clog complex?

A

process, sort, and modify proteins (post office)

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21
Q

what is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

inner/outer membrane, inner fold (cristae), matrix (space between the (cristae)

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22
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

produces ATP through aerobic respiration

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23
Q

what is the structure of chloroplast?

A

inner/outer membrane, thylakoid discs, granum stacks, and stroma

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24
Q

what is the function of chloroplast?

A

produce glucose through photosynthesis

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25
Q

what is the structure and function of lysosomes?

A

hydrolytic enzymes; digest bacteria and debris

26
Q

what is the function of peroxisomes?

A

metabolize organic molecules

27
Q

what is the structure and function of vacuoles?

A

large membrane enclose sacs; plant growth and development

28
Q

what is the structure and function of microtubules?

A

hollow, rigid tubes; aid in movement

29
Q

what is the function fo centrosomes?

A

aid in cell division

30
Q

what is the structure of microfilaments?

A

7nM diameter, solid/flexible, two intertwined chains of beadlike actin molecules

31
Q

what is the function of microfilaments?

A

form cell cortex inside plasma membrane, generate movement (actin myosin)

32
Q

what is the structure and function of intermediate filaments?

A

10nMin diameter, tough/flexible; strength/stability to cell

33
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model?

A

phospholipid molecules behave like liquid crystals and ratite laterally very freely. The molecules are always moving and the configuration of phospholipids is always changing

34
Q

integral proteins

A

proteins bound to the cell membrane

35
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

integral proteins that extend through the cell membrane

36
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attached to one side of the sell membrane

37
Q

what is selective permeability?

A

allowing certain substances to pass through the membrane while preventing others

38
Q

aquaporins

A

channel proteins that allow the passage of water

39
Q

diffusion

A

the flow of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

40
Q

osmosis

A

the flow of water from an area of Hugh water concentration to an are of low water concentration

41
Q

passive transport

A

transport of molecules across the cell membrane that does not require energy, high concentration to low concentration

42
Q

active transport

A

transport of molecules across the cell membrane that relies energy. low concentration to high concentration

43
Q

example of active transport

A

NA+/K+ pump the transport of Na+ out of the cell and against the against the gradient and K+ in the cell against the gradient

44
Q

cotransport

A

the transport of one substance down its concentration gradient provides energy for the transport of another substance against its gradient

45
Q

phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”; the intak of large particles by the cell

46
Q

what is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

has 2 layer of phospholipids; fatty acid tails, and glycerol heads

47
Q

the role of lipids in membrane fluidity?

A

in low temps, lipids keep the membrane fluid and flexible and in high temps, lipids act as a buffers and stabilize the hydro carbon chains

48
Q

what are the function of the lipid bilayer?

A

boundary, work surface, and store potential energy

49
Q

what are the functions of membrane proteins?

A

transport, catalyze enzymatic reactions, anchoring cells, receive, and identification

50
Q

what is the lipid bilayer permeable to?

A

small non polar molecules, small polar molecules, and gases (N2, O2, and CO2)

51
Q

what is a carrier protein?

A

changes shape to transport substances

52
Q

what is a channel protein?

A

opens a gates ot transport substances

53
Q

what is simple diffusion?

A

a substance moves directly down a concentration gradient through the membrane

54
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

cells expel substances from the cell

55
Q

what is the structure of desmosomes?

A

dense materials and protein filaments that are anchored to the intermediate filaments of the cell

56
Q

where are desmosomes & adhering junctions found?

A

epithelial cells

57
Q

what is the stricture of adhering junctions?

A

cadherins form tight bells around the cell (connected to microfilament)

58
Q

what is the function of tight junctions?

A

connect to cell membrane tightly leaving no space

59
Q

what is the function of a gap junction?

A

uses connexion molecules to form nervous, cardia, muscle channels

60
Q

what is the function of plasmodesmatas?

A

channels pass through walls of neighboring cells, smooth ER of adjacent cells are connected

General Bio 1 (14 decks)

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