Quiz 8 Flashcards
Define agglutination, hematology, hemopoeisis, milking action, angiology, cardiology, cardiovascular system.
Agglutination: blood that does not mix
Hematology: study of blood; iron (heme-) carriers
Hemopoeisis: blood production in liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Milking Action: muscle contraction that pushes against the veins and “milks” the blood up; used to prevent fainting on a warm day
Angiology: study of blood vessels
Cardiology: study of the heart
Cardiovascular System: circulation of blood from heart through vessels used for transport or exchange of materials through osmotic exchange
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries: thick, three layers, red, efferent, carry oxygenated blood, has pulse, deeper in the body, contains sphincter valve
Capillaries: connect veins and arteries; location of osmotic exchange; microscopic; make up 90% of cuts
Veins: thin, one to three layers, blue, afferent, carry deoxygenated blood, no pulse, closer to the surface, has smooth muscle valves
What are the five adult pathways of blood?
Greater, Systemic: to entire body
Lesser, Pulmonary: to lungs
Coronary, Heart: within heart
CSF, Cerebral Spinal Fluid: to brain
Hepatic, Portal: to internal organs
What is the fetal pathway?
bypasses lungs with three shunts in order to conserve energy; shunts change after umbilical cord is cut
- Foramen Ovale: in heart; transfer between atriums; turns into ligament fossa ovalis
- Ductus Arterioris: in vessels; transfer between aorta and pulmonary artery; turns into ligament ligamentus arterioris
- Umbilicus: aka umbilical cord; transfer between mother and fetus via placenta; turns into “afterbirth”
What are ten conditions or diseases of the cardiovascular system?
Thrombus: blood clot; typically harmless
Embolus: aka thrombosis; moving bloodclot; countered by heparin (blood thinner); very dangerous
Artherosclerosis: fat inside vessel; solved with stent or bypass
Artherostenosis: fat outside vessel; solved with bypass or angioplasty
Arteriosclerosis: hardened fat; affects media layer
Annuerism: swelling or ballooning due to weak walls of a vessel
Anemia: lack of RBCs
Polycythemia: surplus of RBCs
Cyanosis: mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; causes blue tinting of the skin
Murmur: unsynchronized opening of valves
What are the tunica layers?
layers that make up blood vessels; designed to keep blood inside of vessels
- Externa: aka avertintia; outer layer, made of epithelium
- Media: middle layer; visceral muscle, cartilage, fat
- Interna: aka intima; inner layer, made of epithelium
What is blood?
liquid transport system; 55% plasma, 45% blood cells
Plasma: 92% interstitial fluid, 3-6% salt; contains antibodies (fight diseases), antigens (teach antibodies), and serum
Blood Cells: aka corpuscles; prokaryotic cells
What are red blood cells?
aka erythrocytes; 5 mill RBCs per mc^3 (drop); three to four month life span; true prokaryotes
Bi-concave structure: pockets allow binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin
Elastic: able to bend around sharp junctions without rupturing
What are white blood cells?
aka leukocytes; 5 k WBCs per mc^3 (drop); never die
Macrophages: agranulocytes (no granules), morphonuclear; fight long term diseases with monocytes and lymphocytes
Phagocytes: granulocytes (granules), polymorphonuclear; control pH and fight short term diseases with eosinophils (acid), basophils (basic), neutrophils (neutral, 71% of the time)
What are platelets?
aka thrombocytes; non-cellular sticks of thrombin; responsible for blood clotting (hemostasis)
- Spasm and Constriction: notifies brain of injury while platelets form a temporary plug
- Fiber Matrix: brain sends elastin, collagen, and fibrin to solidify plug into a sturdy scab
- Heal and Seal: mitosis of skin cells
What is the heart?
1, 2, 3, 4
four chambered muscular pump; located about T4 to T8 vertebrae
- Atria: aka auricle; upper chambers that fill with blood (L/R)
- Ventricle: lower chambers that pump blood (L/R)
- Apex: bottom tip of the heart; strongest pump
- Pericardial Sac: aka pericardium; full of pericardial liquid
What are the cardial layers?
Epicardium: outer; connects heart to pericardium
Myocardium: middle; muscle or “meat” of the heart
Endocardium: inner; prevents fluid leakage
What are the valves of the heart?
9, 10
opens as blood pushes through
- Heart Valves: aka mitral valves; should beat at the same time; closing creates “lub” of heartbeat; moves down
- Vessel Valves: aka semi-lunar valves; closing creates “DUB” of heartbeat; moves up
What are the vessels of the heart?
5, 6, 7, 8
- Pulmonary Artery: delivers blood to the lungs
- Aorta: largest vessel in the body with a one inch diameter
- Vena Cava: brings blood from body to heart (S/I)
- Pulmonary Vessels: delivers blood from lungs to heart
How does the heart conduct electricity?
via nodes, electrical cell bundles or modified myofibrils
Eletrocardiophysiology: heart electricity
Vagus: produces ANS innervation to the heart; heart dies without it; comes behind the heart to attach to the SA node
- SA Node: sinoartial node; controls the pace of the heart
- AV Node: atrioventricular; causes heart contraction
- Bundle of HIS: conducts impulse from nodes to fibers
- Perkinje System: spread impulse throughout heart via fibers
What is the cardiac cycle?
- Atria contracts (systole)
- Atria relaxes (diastole)
REST
- Ventricles contracts (systole)
- Ventricles relaxes (diastole)
What is an EKG or ECG?
Electrocardiogram: measurement of the heart
P: wave of innervation
Q: atrial systole
R: atrial diastole; weakest point of contraction
S: ventricular systole; strongest point of contraction
T: ventricular diastole
Identify the ten arteries.
- Common Carotids: to head and brain
- Right Axillary: vertebral to upper neck and base of brain
- Arch of Aorta: largest vessel in the body
- Left Axillary: throughout armpit region
- Left Brachial: to upper arm
- Left Renal: to kidney
- Right Radial: on radius side of forearm
- Right Ulna: on ulna side of forearm
- Right Femoral: down the leg towards the femur
- Deep Femoral: down the leg towards the femur
Identify nine veins.
- Right Internal Jugular: from head and brain
- Right External Jugular: from head and brain
- Right Axillary: through armpit region
- Right Brachial: from upper arm
- Right Radial: from radial side of the forearm
- Right Ulna: from ulna side of the forearm
- Superior Vena Cava
- Inferioir Vena Cava
- Left Femoral: from down the leg towards the femur
Heart Contraction Anatomy
- Chordae Tendinae: only in mitral valces; opens bicuspid and tricuspid valves using collagen or elastin fibers
- Papillary Muscle: attaches chordae tendinae to heart walls; contraction causes opening of mitral valves
- Septum: tissue that divides heart into left and right; left is oxygenated, right is deoxygenated; sides must remain seperate
What is respiration?
system of osmotic exchange; lungs as organ, alveoli as basic unit; exchange food for waste and oxygen for carbon dioxide; regulates metabolism through catabolic and anabolic rates
Tidal Volume: normal inhale/exhale cycle; about 16 cycles per minute
What makes up the lungs?
Lobes: three right, two left; proximal, medial, distal
Trachea: aka windpipe; lined with cilia to filter air
Cricoid Rings: bands of collagen and elastin; keep airway open
Glottis: opening of trachea
Epiglottis: flap that closes to direct food to esophagus; prevents choking
Bronchii: point where trachea splits
Bronchiole: attachment of bronchii to lungs
Bronchiole Tubes: small divisions of bronchiole
Alveoli: location of osmotic exchange; ends of bronchiole tubes; have capillary stripes
Name five respiratory diseases.
Cancer: uncontrollable division of cells
Emphysema: malfunctioning alveoli that result in an inability to breathe or bring oxygen to the lungs properly
Pneumonia: liquid in lung; specifically bronchiole
Bronchitis: inflammation of bronchii
Asthma: nonfunctioning lining of bronchiole tubes; build up of mucus
Define BMR, Direct BMR, Indirect BMR, Net BMR, BSA, STPD, and Heat Loss.
BMR: Basal Metabolic Rate; rate of metabolism; genetically influenced
Direct BMR: O2 consumed (L/hr) * STPD * Food consumed; food consumed is a constant of 4.9 kCal (2.2 base kCal + 2.7 eating kCal)
Indirect: O2 consumed (L/hr) * STPD * Food consumed; food consumed is sum of four times the protein, four times the carbohydrates, and nine times the lipids
Net BMR: BMR minus Heat Loss
Body Surface Area: average of 2 square meters per body; height in centimeters (inches times 2.54), weight in kilograms (pounds over 2.2)
STPD: standard temperature and pressure, dry; constant of 0.9
Heat Loss: lost through every square meter of skin; BMR over BSA
