Quiz 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define agglutination, hematology, hemopoeisis, milking action, angiology, cardiology, cardiovascular system.

A

Agglutination: blood that does not mix

Hematology: study of blood; iron (heme-) carriers

Hemopoeisis: blood production in liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Milking Action: muscle contraction that pushes against the veins and “milks” the blood up; used to prevent fainting on a warm day

Angiology: study of blood vessels

Cardiology: study of the heart

Cardiovascular System: circulation of blood from heart through vessels used for transport or exchange of materials through osmotic exchange

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2
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries: thick, three layers, red, efferent, carry oxygenated blood, has pulse, deeper in the body, contains sphincter valve

Capillaries: connect veins and arteries; location of osmotic exchange; microscopic; make up 90% of cuts

Veins: thin, one to three layers, blue, afferent, carry deoxygenated blood, no pulse, closer to the surface, has smooth muscle valves

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3
Q

What are the five adult pathways of blood?

A

Greater, Systemic: to entire body

Lesser, Pulmonary: to lungs

Coronary, Heart: within heart

CSF, Cerebral Spinal Fluid: to brain

Hepatic, Portal: to internal organs

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4
Q

What is the fetal pathway?

A

bypasses lungs with three shunts in order to conserve energy; shunts change after umbilical cord is cut

  1. Foramen Ovale: in heart; transfer between atriums; turns into ligament fossa ovalis
  2. Ductus Arterioris: in vessels; transfer between aorta and pulmonary artery; turns into ligament ligamentus arterioris
  3. Umbilicus: aka umbilical cord; transfer between mother and fetus via placenta; turns into “afterbirth”
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5
Q

What are ten conditions or diseases of the cardiovascular system?

A

Thrombus: blood clot; typically harmless

Embolus: aka thrombosis; moving bloodclot; countered by heparin (blood thinner); very dangerous

Artherosclerosis: fat inside vessel; solved with stent or bypass

Artherostenosis: fat outside vessel; solved with bypass or angioplasty

Arteriosclerosis: hardened fat; affects media layer

Annuerism: swelling or ballooning due to weak walls of a vessel

Anemia: lack of RBCs

Polycythemia: surplus of RBCs

Cyanosis: mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; causes blue tinting of the skin

Murmur: unsynchronized opening of valves

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6
Q

What are the tunica layers?

A

layers that make up blood vessels; designed to keep blood inside of vessels

  1. Externa: aka avertintia; outer layer, made of epithelium
  2. Media: middle layer; visceral muscle, cartilage, fat
  3. Interna: aka intima; inner layer, made of epithelium
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7
Q

What is blood?

A

liquid transport system; 55% plasma, 45% blood cells

Plasma: 92% interstitial fluid, 3-6% salt; contains antibodies (fight diseases), antigens (teach antibodies), and serum

Blood Cells: aka corpuscles; prokaryotic cells

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8
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

aka erythrocytes; 5 mill RBCs per mc^3 (drop); three to four month life span; true prokaryotes

Bi-concave structure: pockets allow binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin

Elastic: able to bend around sharp junctions without rupturing

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9
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

aka leukocytes; 5 k WBCs per mc^3 (drop); never die

Macrophages: agranulocytes (no granules), morphonuclear; fight long term diseases with monocytes and lymphocytes

Phagocytes: granulocytes (granules), polymorphonuclear; control pH and fight short term diseases with eosinophils (acid), basophils (basic), neutrophils (neutral, 71% of the time)

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10
Q

What are platelets?

A

aka thrombocytes; non-cellular sticks of thrombin; responsible for blood clotting (hemostasis)

  1. Spasm and Constriction: notifies brain of injury while platelets form a temporary plug
  2. Fiber Matrix: brain sends elastin, collagen, and fibrin to solidify plug into a sturdy scab
  3. Heal and Seal: mitosis of skin cells
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11
Q

What is the heart?

1, 2, 3, 4

A

four chambered muscular pump; located about T4 to T8 vertebrae

  1. Atria: aka auricle; upper chambers that fill with blood (L/R)
  2. Ventricle: lower chambers that pump blood (L/R)
  3. Apex: bottom tip of the heart; strongest pump
  4. Pericardial Sac: aka pericardium; full of pericardial liquid
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12
Q

What are the cardial layers?

A

Epicardium: outer; connects heart to pericardium

Myocardium: middle; muscle or “meat” of the heart

Endocardium: inner; prevents fluid leakage

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13
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

9, 10

A

opens as blood pushes through

  1. Heart Valves: aka mitral valves; should beat at the same time; closing creates “lub” of heartbeat; moves down
  2. Vessel Valves: aka semi-lunar valves; closing creates “DUB” of heartbeat; moves up
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14
Q

What are the vessels of the heart?

5, 6, 7, 8

A
  1. Pulmonary Artery: delivers blood to the lungs
  2. Aorta: largest vessel in the body with a one inch diameter
  3. Vena Cava: brings blood from body to heart (S/I)
  4. Pulmonary Vessels: delivers blood from lungs to heart
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15
Q

How does the heart conduct electricity?

A

via nodes, electrical cell bundles or modified myofibrils

Eletrocardiophysiology: heart electricity

Vagus: produces ANS innervation to the heart; heart dies without it; comes behind the heart to attach to the SA node

  1. SA Node: sinoartial node; controls the pace of the heart
  2. AV Node: atrioventricular; causes heart contraction
  3. Bundle of HIS: conducts impulse from nodes to fibers
  4. Perkinje System: spread impulse throughout heart via fibers
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16
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Atria contracts (systole)
  2. Atria relaxes (diastole)

REST

  1. Ventricles contracts (systole)
  2. Ventricles relaxes (diastole)
17
Q

What is an EKG or ECG?

A

Electrocardiogram: measurement of the heart

P: wave of innervation

Q: atrial systole

R: atrial diastole; weakest point of contraction

S: ventricular systole; strongest point of contraction

T: ventricular diastole

18
Q

Identify the ten arteries.

A
  1. Common Carotids: to head and brain
  2. Right Axillary: vertebral to upper neck and base of brain
  3. Arch of Aorta: largest vessel in the body
  4. Left Axillary: throughout armpit region
  5. Left Brachial: to upper arm
  6. Left Renal: to kidney
  7. Right Radial: on radius side of forearm
  8. Right Ulna: on ulna side of forearm
  9. Right Femoral: down the leg towards the femur
  10. Deep Femoral: down the leg towards the femur
19
Q

Identify nine veins.

A
  1. Right Internal Jugular: from head and brain
  2. Right External Jugular: from head and brain
  3. Right Axillary: through armpit region
  4. Right Brachial: from upper arm
  5. Right Radial: from radial side of the forearm
  6. Right Ulna: from ulna side of the forearm
  7. Superior Vena Cava
  8. Inferioir Vena Cava
  9. Left Femoral: from down the leg towards the femur
20
Q

Heart Contraction Anatomy

A
  1. Chordae Tendinae: only in mitral valces; opens bicuspid and tricuspid valves using collagen or elastin fibers
  2. Papillary Muscle: attaches chordae tendinae to heart walls; contraction causes opening of mitral valves
  3. Septum: tissue that divides heart into left and right; left is oxygenated, right is deoxygenated; sides must remain seperate
21
Q

What is respiration?

A

system of osmotic exchange; lungs as organ, alveoli as basic unit; exchange food for waste and oxygen for carbon dioxide; regulates metabolism through catabolic and anabolic rates

Tidal Volume: normal inhale/exhale cycle; about 16 cycles per minute

22
Q

What makes up the lungs?

A

Lobes: three right, two left; proximal, medial, distal

Trachea: aka windpipe; lined with cilia to filter air

Cricoid Rings: bands of collagen and elastin; keep airway open

Glottis: opening of trachea

Epiglottis: flap that closes to direct food to esophagus; prevents choking

Bronchii: point where trachea splits

Bronchiole: attachment of bronchii to lungs

Bronchiole Tubes: small divisions of bronchiole

Alveoli: location of osmotic exchange; ends of bronchiole tubes; have capillary stripes

23
Q

Name five respiratory diseases.

A

Cancer: uncontrollable division of cells

Emphysema: malfunctioning alveoli that result in an inability to breathe or bring oxygen to the lungs properly

Pneumonia: liquid in lung; specifically bronchiole

Bronchitis: inflammation of bronchii

Asthma: nonfunctioning lining of bronchiole tubes; build up of mucus

24
Q

Define BMR, Direct BMR, Indirect BMR, Net BMR, BSA, STPD, and Heat Loss.

A

BMR: Basal Metabolic Rate; rate of metabolism; genetically influenced

Direct BMR: O2 consumed (L/hr) * STPD * Food consumed; food consumed is a constant of 4.9 kCal (2.2 base kCal + 2.7 eating kCal)

Indirect: O2 consumed (L/hr) * STPD * Food consumed; food consumed is sum of four times the protein, four times the carbohydrates, and nine times the lipids

Net BMR: BMR minus Heat Loss

Body Surface Area: average of 2 square meters per body; height in centimeters (inches times 2.54), weight in kilograms (pounds over 2.2)

STPD: standard temperature and pressure, dry; constant of 0.9

Heat Loss: lost through every square meter of skin; BMR over BSA