Quiz 3

Question 1

Define anaerobic respiration.

Answer 1

without oxygen; primitive, occurring 1% of the time; aka fermentation; yields 2 ATP per glycogen
if in plants: alcoholic fermentation (ethyl alcohol)
if in animals: lactic acid fermentation (oxygen debt if out of shape)

Question 2

Define aerobic respiration.

Answer 2

uses or requires oxygen; modern, occurring 99% of the time; yields 38 ATP per glycogen

obligated: can only breath aerobically (eg. bacteria)
facilitated: aerobic but hybrid (eg. humans)

Question 3

Define DNA.

Answer 3

deoxyribose nucleic acid
carries your genes on lines on chromosomes; 23 pairs (22 autosome, controlling all traits but sexual; 1 sex chromosome, XX if girl and XY if boy)
has triple codons of nitrogenous bases, linked by weak hydrogen bonds
double helix model from Watson/Crick

Question 4

Define RNA.

Answer 4

three forms: mRNA (messenger), rRNA (ribosome), tRNA (transfer)
tRNA has anticodon prongs atop the RNA, with a corresponding amino acid attached at the bottom.

Question 5

What are four differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 5

1. double stranded vs. single stranded
2. remains in nucleus vs. can leave nucleus
3. no oxygen vs. oxygen
4. template vs. carrier

Question 6

Identify the nitrogen bases of DNA and RNA. How do the bonds go?

Answer 6

purines: adenine, guanine
pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil
In DNA: A x T, C x G
In RNA: A to U, T to A, C x G

Question 7

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 7

A nucleotide makes up the strands of DNA and RNA.
made up of a pentose sugar (S), a phosphate (P), and a nitrogen base (N)
Circle (P), pentagon (S), Square (N)

Question 8

Define denaturing, cytokinesis, and interspecies breeding.

Answer 8

Denaturing: the breaking of hydrogen bonds by using the helipads enzyme group
Cytokinesis: division and replication of organelles and cytoplasm
Interspecies Breeding: yields sterile or infertile offspring

Question 9

Describe the steps of protein synthesis.

Answer 9

1. Replication: copy of DNA carried as mRNA out of the nucleus
2. Transcription: mRNA attaches to a ribosome, becoming rRNA
3. Translation: anticodons of tRNA attach to rRNA, creating an amino acid chain

Question 10

Describe the phases of mitosis.

Answer 10

yields 2 diploid cells

1. Interphase: 85% of the time; DNA duplicates, going from 23 to 46 pairs
2. Prophase: nucleus now breaks apart; chromosomes tetrads visible
3. Metaphase: chromosomes line up along the equator; fibers appear and centrioles are polarized
4. Anaphase: organization sets up for division; chromosomes pulled to either sides
5. Telophase: two cells stretch and divide into new cells; chromosomes no longer visible

Question 11

Describe the stages of meiosis.

Answer 11

sexual, only in female ovaries and make testes; yields 4 haploid cells
Meiotic 1: regular mitosis EXCEPT crossover (duplicates wrap around and exchange some information between the two) occurs; leads to genetic variation
Meiotic 2: regular mitosis EXCEPT no interphase, therefore no duplication; leads to reduction of chromosomes
Maturation: in males, sperm; in females, 3 polar bodies die and 1 egg survives

Question 12

Define respiration.

Answer 12

release of ATP from glucose; occurs in mitochondria
glucose is stored as glycogen in liver
occurs anaerobically and aerobically