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Human Biology > Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do contractions and vibrations work with muscles?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac have contractions; Visceral, Smooth have peristalsis motions (vibrations or wave-like motions)

Salts help in muscle contractions; spasms occur when the body is lacking in a salt

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2
Q

Define functional unit.

A

Agonist: primary or first mover

Antagonist: opposite action to agonist

Synergistic: help muscle; helps antagonist

Specialist: one action only

*antagonistic movements (agonist-antagonist pairs) are superficial or visible

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

attached to skeleton or bone with a process, tuberosity, or trochanter; only muscle with a tendon; voluntary and striated with protein bands; CNS innervation

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4
Q

What is origin and insertion? Fast twitch and slow twitch?

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

Origin: closer or proximal to head; fixed or stationary

Insertion: farther or distal; moveable

Fast Twitch: quick contractions and fatigues; burst of energy or speed; developed first in the human body as barbies; “white meat” because of low amount of myoglobin

Slow Twitch: slow contractions and fatigue; endurance; “dark meat” because of high amount of myoglobin

*twitch ratio is genetically influenced

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

involuntary, unstriated; ANS innervation; moves through peristalsis; found in internal organs and blood vessels

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

involuntary, striated; ANS innervation; has syncytium gaps formed by crossing over matrix; has autorhythmicity (each cell has its own beat)

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7
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Buccinator: agonist

Masseter: antagonist

Pterogoids: synergist

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8
Q

What are the types of innervation?

A

Innervation: origin of an electrical impulse involuntary

muscles innervate from the ANS (autonomic nervous system); voluntary muscles innervate from the CNS (central nervous system)

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9
Q

What are the steps of muscle contraction?

A
  1. ANS/CNS innervation of 70+ mV occurs
  2. Mitochondria react to stimulus
  3. ATP is released
  4. Presynaptic Vesicles react to ATP
  5. ACH (acetylcholine) is released
  6. ACH moves across the synaptic gap (synapse)
  7. Polarity change from rest (positive in, negative out) to contraction (positive out, negative in)
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10
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump?

A

SPM keeps positive sodium ions out, negative potassium ions in; electrical impulse allows SPM to “open” and polarity change occurs

ACH-esterase repolarizes everything to equilibrium and requires protein

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11
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

takes place at myoneural junction; filaments become depolarizers and slide across one another to come together; change of polarity causes shortening of muscle

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12
Q

Define summation, fatigue, and the all or none law. What is the difference between a natural and unnatural twitch?

A

Summation: natural, continuous flow of ACH

Fatigue: lack of protein that causes a lack of ACH-esterase

All or None Law: fibers contract all the way or not at all

Natural Twitch: involuntary muscle contraction Unnatural

Twitch: aka tetanus; twitching caused by external stimulation

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13
Q

Define myology, myoglobin, and dual function. What is the basic unit and fiber content of muscle?

A

Myology: study of muscle

Myoglobin: blood-colored liquid protein

Dual Function: of muscles; allows for movement and heat

Basic Unit: fibers

Fiber Content: 75% interstitial fluid; 20% protein; 3-6% basic salts (KNaCa)

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14
Q

ANTERIOR

A
  1. Pectoralis major: draws arm forward and toward the body
  2. Serratus anterior: helps raise arm; contributes to pushes; draws shoulder blades forward
  3. Biceps brachii: bends forearm at the elbow
  4. Rectus abdominus: compresses abdomen; compresses backbone; compresses chest cavity
  5. External oblique: lateral roation of trunk; compresses abdomen
  6. Abductor longus: flexes thigh; rotates thigh laterally; draws thigh toward body
  7. Satorius: bends thigh at hip; bends lower leg at knee; rotates thigh outward
  8. Quadriceps group: flexes thigh at hips; extends leg at knee
  9. Tibialis anterior: flexes foot toward knee
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15
Q

POSTERIOR

A
  1. Deltoid: raises arm
  2. Trapezius: lifts shoulder blade; braces shoulder; draws head back
  3. Triceps brachii: straightens forearm at elbow
  4. Latissimus dorsi: rotates and draws arm backward and toward body
  5. Gluteus maximus: extends thigh; rotates thigh laterally
  6. Hamstring group: draws thigh backward; bends knee
  7. Gastrocnemius: bends lower leg at knee; bends foot away from knee
  8. Achilles tendon: connects gastrocnemius muscle to heel
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16
Q

MUSCLE ULTRASTRUCTUE

A
  1. Process
  2. Tendon
  3. Fundus (body)
  4. Bundle
  5. Sarcolemma
  6. Fiber
  7. Myofibril
  8. Filament
17
Q

MYOFIBRIL ULTRASTRUCTURE

A
  1. Dark Bands: aka A-bands; thick filament of myosin
  2. Light Bands: aka J-bands; thin filament made of actin
  3. Sarcomere: aka Z-bands; location of contraction
  4. H-zone: takes in impulses via end knob
18
Q

How are muscles named? (Types 1 to 4)

A
  1. By Geometric Shape or Form: Trapezius; Rhombus; Deltoid; Teres; Quadratus; Splenius
  2. Size and General Configuration: Latissimus (broad); Longus; Brevis (short); Vastus (thick); Maximus; Minimus
  3. Fiber Direction: Rectus (up, down); Transversus (superior, anterior); Oblique (cleft through the body)
  4. Origin and Insertion (attachements): sternocleidomastoid (sternum, clavicle, mastoid); brachioradialis (arm, radius); caracobrachialis (carcoid of scapula, arm)
19
Q

How are muscles named? (Types 5 to 7)

A
  1. General Location: intercostal (ribs); brachialis (arms); pectoralis; tibialis; Iliacus (hips); Femoris; Subscapularis (scapula)
  2. Action or Function: Flexor; Extensor; Abductor (opens); Adductor (closes); Pronator (faces posteriorly or inward); Supinator (faces anterioirly or outwards); Levator (brings up); Depressor (brings down)
  3. Number of Heads or Origins: Biceps (two); Triceps (three); Quadriceps (four)

8.

20
Q

Derive these muscles.

  1. Biceps brachii
  2. Pronator teres
  3. Levator scapulae
  4. Extensor carpi radaialis longus
A
  1. 7, 5
  2. 6, 1
  3. 6, 5
  4. 6, 5, 2
21
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL; ignore 5

A

impulse determined by action; action determines potential

resting potential of -70 mV; threshold requires 70 mV to contract; subthreshold is any stimulus that is less than 70 mV

  1. resting potential
  2. depolarization; sodium in
  3. action potential
  4. polarization; potassium in
22
Q

NUEROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

A
  1. Dendrite
  2. Cell Body; Soma
  3. Axon
  4. Myelin Sheath
  5. Telodendrils
  6. End Knob
  7. Mitochondria
  8. Pre-Synaptic Vesicles (release ACH)
  9. Conductive Gel (for transmitting electrical impulses)
  10. Synapse
  11. Receptors

Human Biology (12 decks)

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