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LING 313 Final Exam > Quiz 8 > Flashcards

Quiz 8 Flashcards

1
Q

T or F : Tubes make sounds

A

False, it is the source and filter that contribute to produce sound

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2
Q

The source is related to ___ and ____ sound

  1. formants; shape
  2. formants; make
  3. harmonics; shape
  4. harmonics; make
A
  1. harmonics; make
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3
Q

The filter is related to ___ and ____ sound

  1. formants; shape
  2. formants; make
  3. harmonics; shape
  4. harmonics; make
A
  1. formants; shape
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4
Q

In a voiceless fricative, where is the SOURCE coming from? give an example

A

The place of articulation, e.g. for [s] it’s the alveolar ridge

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5
Q

In a voiceless fricative, where is the FILTER coming from?

A

Filter is the part that comes forward and shapes the sound

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6
Q

Voiceless fricatives will have slower/faster airflow than voiced fricatives

A

faster

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7
Q

How do we change the amount of air coming from the mouth (i.e. blocking vs not blocking airflow)?

A

By turning voicing on and off

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8
Q

Noise source for voiced fricatives

  1. The vocal cords
  2. The place of articulation
  3. The entire vocal tract
  4. The lungs
A
  1. Vocal cords - periodic
  2. Place of articulation - aperiodic
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9
Q

T of F: voiceless fricatives have turbulent airflow because they don’t come from the vocal cords but voiced fricatives have laminar flow

A

F : all fricatives have turbulent airflow

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10
Q

What is characterized the path of turbulent movement

A

it is chaotic and irregular

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11
Q

Which of these are NOT one of the factors that affect the movement in [s]

  1. Particle velocity
  2. Volume of the sound
  3. Constriction size
  4. Pressure
  5. Volume velocity
A
  1. Volume of the sound
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12
Q

What is laminar airflow?

A

The airflow where air/water particles are in perfect harmony with eachother, travelling side by side

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13
Q

Which natural class of sounds have laminar airflow?

  1. Stop sounds
  2. Fricatives
  3. Vowels
  4. Approximants
A
  1. Vowels
  2. Approximants - voiced
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14
Q

And increase/decrease in flow rate means an increase in the Reynolds number and WHY?

A

an increase in flow rate is an increase in the Reynolds number because it is part of the numerator

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15
Q

Describe : particle velocity, volume velocity and constriction size

A
  1. particle velocity - the speed of individual air particles
  2. Volume velocity - the amount of airflow moving past a specific point in time
  3. The amount of space available for airflow to travel in
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16
Q

What will air particles DO when they reach a constriction

A

They speed up

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17
Q

Two types of turbulence + examples!

A
  1. Channel turbulence - moving from, for example, the back cavity to front
  2. Obstacle turbulence - in the front cavity, the teeth
18
Q

T or F : because of their frication, both [s] and [f] have both channel and obstacle turbulence

A

F, only [s] has both because it’s a sibilant

19
Q

T or F : contact in a fricative between the lower lip and the upper teeth causes a narrow constriction and causes an obstacle turbulence

A

F, this contact is wider actually that a sibilant’s obstacle turbulence

20
Q

Which of the following is true for laminar and turbulent airflow in speech sounds?

a.Laminar flow involves chaotic movement of air particles while turbulent flow is smooth and steady.

b. Approximants typically have laminar flow, whereas fricatives often have turbulent flow.

c. All sibilants have turbulent flow, while all non-sibilants exhibit both laminar and turbulent flow.

d. Laminar flow is present in all types of speech sounds.

A

b. Approximants typically have laminar flow, whereas fricatives often have turbulent flow.

21
Q

Which of the following statements about voiceless fricatives are true?

a. Voiceless fricatives rely solely on laminar airflow.

b. The primary noise source is the vocal folds.

c. Turbulent airflow is generated due to irregular vocal fold vibration in the larynx.

d. The noise source is located at the place of articulation.

A

d. The noise source is located at the place of articulation.

22
Q

Which of the following are true about the Reynolds number? (Two correct answers.)

a. A speech sound having a Reynolds number of 900 indicates that it there’s turbulent flow in the sound.

b. The Reynolds number increases as fluid velocity increases.

c. Decreasing the characteristic length will increase the Reynolds number.

d. A thicker fluid would cause the Reynolds number to decrease.

A

b. The Reynolds number increases as fluid velocity increases.

d. A thicker fluid would cause the Reynolds number to decrease.

23
Q

Which of the following statements are true about fricative loudness? (Two correct answers.)

a. Louder fricatives result from an increasing particle velocity.

b. Louder fricatives have lower particle velocity.

c. Voiced fricatives are always louder than voiceless fricatives.

d. Narrower constrictions increase particle velocity, making the sound louder.

A

a. Louder fricatives result from an increasing particle velocity.
d. Narrower constrictions increase particle velocity, making the sound louder.

24
Q

Which of the following explains the higher perceived frequency in sibilant fricatives like [s] in English?

a. Sibilants are produced with a smaller front cavity, leading to higher resonance frequencies.

b. The sublingual cavity increases the intensity of lower frequencies.

c. Sibilants have lower particle velocity, resulting in higher frequency perception.

d. The constriction in sibilants is wider, allowing higher frequencies to resonate.

A

a. Sibilants are produced with a smaller front cavity, leading to higher resonance frequencies.

25
Q

John measured the area of the supraglottal constriction of four fricatives, A, B, C, and D, in a previously undescribed language and found the values to be 0.35, 0.25, 0.18, and 0.42 cm2. According the graph we discussed in class (reproduced below), which one of the fricatives will be the loudest?

A

C.

26
Q

Description and unit of particle velocity

A

The rate of change of position or AVERAGE velocity of flow at any place/time
measured in cm/s or mph

27
Q

A pressure change means a ______ change

  1. constriction
  2. source
  3. velocity
A
  1. velocity
28
Q

Description and unit of volume velocity

A

Volume flow/discharge rate
The volume of air passing through the vocal tract in unit time
Measured in cm3/second

29
Q

Particle velocity ______ when there’s a decrease in the cross-sectional area

  1. increases
  2. decreases
  3. stays the same
  4. none of the above
A
  1. increases
30
Q

What is the Reynolds number - what is its relationship

A

Characteristic LENGTH x velocity

31
Q

For the Reynolds number, what is the difference between fluid density and viscosity?

A

Density refers to how packed the particles of a liquid are, and viscosity refers a fluid’s RESISTANCE to flow

32
Q

Characteristic length in Reynold’s number refers to :

  1. The constriction size
  2. The entire length of the vocal tract
  3. The diameter of the channel
A
  1. The diameter of the channel
33
Q

T or F : the velocity of the airflow has nothing to do with the fabrication of laminar or turbulent flow

A

F

34
Q

Which of the following will have a Reynolds number higher than laminar flow?

  1. [i], [z], [f]
  2. [n], [a], [s]
  3. [u], [n], [l]
A

[i], [z], [f]

35
Q

If a channel is SMALLER, you need a ______ volume of velocity to surpass the R number for fricatives

larger/smaller

A

smaller

36
Q

The Reynolds number is the _____ between _______ and _________ flow

  1. constriction; laminar; turbulent
  2. boundary; laminar; turbulent
  3. difference; laminar; turbulent
A
  1. boundary; laminar; turbulent
37
Q

Regular value for R number

A

1700

38
Q

T of F : every type of fricative has an inversed relationship of channel size and loudness

A

F - only oral fricatives - the exception is glottal fricatives, where a bigger channel means an increase in loudness

39
Q

Fricatives vary a lot in amplitude, determined by ____________

  1. Constriction size
  2. Frequency
  3. Loudness
  4. Particle velocity
A
  1. Particle velocity
40
Q

Name the filters for fricatives

A
  1. Part of vocal tract in front of constriction
  2. Lip configuration
  3. Sublingual cavity (under teeth/tongue)
41
Q

What is the difference between [s] and [x] in terms of cavities?

A

[s] has a much shorter front cavity than the fricative [x]

42
Q

T or F: less energy in the higher frequencies if the fricative is further frontal

A

F : if the fricative more back

LING 313 Final Exam (11 decks)

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