Quiz 1 Flashcards
1-25 - VOCAL TRACT | 26-34 IPA |
Autopsy - give the 3 pros and 2 cons listed
Pros :
1. No fancy tools required
2. Possible to see the SHAPES of organs
3. Seeing the location of muscles and cartilages and their attachment to eachother
Cons :
1. Not possible to see in person (obvi cause they’re dead)
2. No knowledge of physiology is technically possible (hard to get it completely accurate)
X-RAY : Why do we not really use it anymore?
Radiation problems - it isn’t safe to be expose to it repeatedly
X-RAY : What are we able to see (in regards to phonetics)
How the tongue moves on diff surfaces (it shows teeth too)
X-RAY : True or false : In X-rays, it is easier to see to see bones than to see the tongue surface
True
X-RAY : give 2 cons
- Radiation
- Can overgeneralize and make it look like sounds are being produced when they aren’t
ULTRASOUND : Provide 4 pros and 3 cons
Pros :
1. Can clearly see the tongue SURFACE
2. Not ‘invasive’
3. Real time tongue movement
4. Doesn’t cause harm to the body (sound waves)
Cons :
1. Hard to see through HARD structures (i.e. bones)
2. Difficulty to see the tongue TIP moving (you see body though)
3. Hyoid bone prevents us from being able to see the full movement from tongue root
MRI : provide pros (4) and cons (2 MAIN ones)
Pros :
1. Can see a wider range of organs than X-rays, ultrasounds, or autopsies
2. Not really invasive
3. Able to see articulators in ‘real’ time
4. Can see ‘flesh’ quite easily
Cons :
1. Very expensive
2. Bad for people with claustrophobia
Question: Which method would be the best to see a pharyngeal constriction in action? WHY?
A. Autopsy
B. X-ray
C. Ultrasound
D. MRI
D. MRI
Shows soft tissue - pharynx
What parts of vocal tract are considered supra laryngeal
- nasal cavity
- palate
- oral cavity
- velum
- tongue
- pharynx
- epiglottis
What parts of vocal tract are considered sub laryngeal/subglottal
- trachea
- lungs
- diaphragm (inside of ribcage)
The _____ intercostal is in the ___ laryngeal tract
external; sub
Name the parts of the trachea that we see, top to bottom
- Trachea notch
- Thyroid cartilage (HARD)
- Crico-thyroid muscle
- Crico-thyroid cartilage
- Trachea
Name the two titles for muscles (2 types)
- Abductors - pulls apart
- Adductors - brings closer together
What type of muscle is an abductor (Hint : BACK)
BACK - posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
What type of muscle is an aDductor (Hint : In and SIDE) - IA & LCA
- Inter-arytenoid muscles
- Lateral crico-arytenoid muscles
Larynx : Which muscles are involved with manipulating pitch? (think of a prof’s helper and a scan)
TA - thyro-arytenoid muscles
CT - crico-thyroid muscles
Which muscles facilitate register control?
thyro-arytenoid
Which of the following work to produce voicing in a sound?
A. Thyro-cricoid muscles
B. Posterior Crico-arytenoid muscles
C. Inter-arytenoid muscles
D. none of the above
C. Inter-arytenoid muscles - ADDuctors - brings vocal folds closer together
What is the other type of fold that is situates ABOVE the vocal folds?
vestibular folds
True or false : vestibular folds serve no purpose in speech across all languages.
False, e.g. Tuvan throat singing
Vocal folds are surrounded by ……………
A. Thyroid cartilage
B. Cricoid cartilages
C. Arytenoid cartilages
A. Thyroid cartilage
- What form/shape do the cricoid cartilages take, 2. where are they situated and 3. what do they?
- A ring
- Underneath the thryoid cartilage.
- Facilitates the connections between joints and ligaments that produce voicing, and helps to support the structure.
Important : maintain airway patency
What does the hyoid bone do and what is its OTHER name ?
- Is the structure that connects/attaches to the tongue + the muscles involved with voicing
- Floating bone
Role of epiglottis (2)
- Acts as a narrow passageway to allow air to flow into the larynx and lungs
- To prevent food/debris/liquid from entering the (subglottal) vocal tract
Which one can act as an active articulator?
A. alveolar ridge
B. velum
C. lower teeth
D. none of the above
Velum?
Lower teeth aren’t necessarily ‘moving’ and the alveolar ridge is passive
IPA CHARTS :
Consonants are characterized by ____ and _____ and vowels are characterized by ___ and ___
place; manner; tongue height; tongue backness
Speech processes - what do they DO
- Articulatory process - place and manner of sounds
- Phonation process - voicing : voiced or voiceless
- Oro-nasal process - nasal or oral (is the velum RAISED or LOWERED)
- Airstream process - looks at non-pulmonic vs pulmonic airstreams
Which process determines the difference between [g] and []?
A. Articulatory process
B. Oro-nasal process
C. Phonation process
D. Airstream process
2 correct, 2 incorrect - 2 of these 4 groups differ in ONE speech process (what is it?)
A. [b] vs. [ɓ]
B. [d] vs. [d̪]
C. [t] vs. [ǀ]
D. [p] vs. [pʼ]
A. [b] vs. [ɓ] (They differ only in airstream mechanism: [b] is a voiced bilabial plosive, [ɓ] is a voiced bilabial implosive.)
D. [p] vs. [pʼ] (They differ only in airstream mechanism: [p] is a plain voiceless bilabial plosive, [pʼ] is an ejective.)
2 correct, 2 incorrect - 2 of these 4 groups differ in ONE speech process (what is it?)
A. [p] vs. [b]
B. [s] vs. [z]
C. [t] vs. [k]
D. [d] vs. [ɾ]
A. [p] vs. [b] (They only differ in voicing: [p] is voiceless, [b] is voiced.)
B. [s] vs. [z] (They only differ in voicing: [s] is voiceless, [z] is voiced.)
2 correct, 2 incorrect - 2 of these 4 groups differ in ONE speech process (what is it?)
A. [ʃ] vs. [ʒ]
B. [ǃ] vs. [ǂ]
C. [tʼ] vs. [dʼ]
D. [ɠ] vs. [ɗ]
A. [ʃ] vs. [ʒ] (They differ only in voicing: [ʃ] is voiceless, [ʒ] is voiced.)
D. [ɠ] vs. [ɗ] (They differ only in place of articulation: [ɠ] is a voiced velar implosive, [ɗ] is a voiced alveolar implosive.)
ALL of these parts are passive articulators except 3 :
- Upper teeth
- Tongue tip
- Upper lip
- Soft palate
- Hard palate
- Alveolar ridge
- Lower lip
- Pharynx
- Epiglottis
- Larynx
- Tongue tip
- Lower lip
- Larynx
The terms CORONAL and DORSAL refer to the _____ position in sounds. Specify which position.
tongue
Cor : tongue tip and body
Dor : tongue back
Which process is involved when you produce the sound [ŋ]?
A. Articulatory process
B. Oro-nasal process
C. Phonation process
D. All of the above
D. all of the above
Describe how the muscles come into play with the phonation process (who goes first?)
- ABductor - PCA : widens the space between the vocal folds
- ADDuctor - IA : closes the space between the folds
- ADD - LCA : narrows the space between the folds, which acts to figure out the tone
- thyro-arytenoid controls the register control
Which of the following DO NOT describe an acoustic analysis of speech?
A. Tracking changes in fundamental frequency to analyze intonation patterns
B. Measuring formant frequencies to analyze vowel resonance and quality
C. Plotting waveform oscillations to examine the airflow during articulation
D. Calculating Voice Onset Time (VOT) to distinguish between voiced and voiceless stops
B. Plotting waveform oscillations to examine the airflow during articulation
Explanation: Plotting waveform oscillations refers to visualizing sound waves, which relates to acoustic analysis, but examining airflow is more relevant to aerodynamics or articulatory phonetics rather than acoustic properties. The other options are standard measures in acoustic analysis of speech, focusing on frequency, pitch, and timing.
True or false : IPA is the main and only concrete way to transcribe.
False
T or F : Although broad transcription does NOT use stress, tone and nasalization, you always need to account for allophony because it is still describing two different segments of sounds
False; no allophony is seen in broad description
John is transcribing some speech with IPA symbols. He transcribed two words as the following (the superscripted “w” symbols beside [t] and [d] indicate labialization of the sounds): [twapika] and [pukidwa].
Which of the following can we conclude from this?
A. John is doing broad transcription.
B. John is doing partially narrow transcription
C. John is going narrow transcription
D. We do not have enough information to determine whether it is broad or narrow transcription
D.
We cannot conclude that John is transcribing narrowly because we don’t know if had also provided any further technicalities that prove he was doing narrow.
Which of the following groupings contains sounds that do NOT exhibit allophony in English?
A. [p] as in pat, [pʰ] as in pin
B. [d] as in dog, [d̪] as in the (before a dental)
C. [k] as in cat, [kʲ] as in cute
D. [t] as in top, [t̻] as in butter (in American English)
Correct Answers: A, C
A: [p] and [pʰ] are considered different phonetic realizations (with [pʰ] being aspirated in specific contexts), but they are not examples of allophony since they do not change the meaning of the words.
C: [k] and [kʲ] represent different articulations; [kʲ] occurs before front vowels, but they do not necessarily create a contrastive meaning in English, hence not allophonic in terms of phoneme distinction.
T or F : it is ALWAYS better to go with narrow transcription. i.e. the more detail the better your analysis
F. Our intentions with transcribing affect the level of detail that we will attach to it
Which one should be considered narrow transcription when working with English?
A. “Lady” transcribed as
[ “leI.di ]
B. “Lady” transcribed as
[ leIdi ]
C. “Lady” transcribed as
[ leIɾi ]
C. narrow talks about the PHONEMIC details –> e.g. how a stop becomes a tap/flap
What tool do we use for segmentation of sounds - analysing segments of sounds
main one - spectrograms/waveforms
Why do we use spectrograms/waveforms for transcriptions
it helps us see the details of the KINDS of sounds that we are looking at and their properties - labialization, aspiration, nasalization, etc.
Which of the following sets of words all start with coronal sounds? (two correct answers)
Boat, Fish
Sun, Dose
Goat, Coat
Tiptoe, Nose
Sun, Dose
Tiptoe, Nose
Which of the following sets of words all start with dorsal sounds? (Two correct answers)
A. Goat, Coat
B. Cat, Kite
C. Duck, Gift
D. King, Game
A: Goat [g] and Coat [k] both start with dorsal sounds.
D: King [k] and Game [g] also start with dorsal sounds.
A researcher wants to investigate two dorsal consonants to see which one involves a contact between the tongue and the upper surface. Assuming that you have equal access too all the options, which of the following is the most preferable?
MRI
Dissection
Ultrasound
X-ray
MRI
What view is provided by a “mid-sagittal section” in speech research using MRI?
A. A profile-like slice through the center of the head, showing one half of the vocal tract
B. A view of the vocal tract from the front
C. A horizontal slice through the vocal tract
D. A top-down view of the entire vocal tract
A. A profile-like slice through the center of the head, showing one half of the vocal tract
Which of the following contrasts are based solely on a difference in the articulatory process without involving a change in the phonation process?
A. [θ] vs. [ð]
B. [ʔ] vs. [t]
C. [tʃ] vs. [t]
D. [m] vs. [n]
C: [tʃ] (postalveolar) and [t] (alveolar) differ in their place of articulation but both are voiceless, involving no phonation change.
T or F : stops and plosives are interchangeable terms
F : plosives strictly refer to oral stops but stops refer to both oral and nasal stops
_____ have a slight obstruction in the airflow but _____ have a full obstruction
Fricatives; stops
Name all of the non-pulmonic sounds and the airstreams that they belong to
- Clicks - velaric INGRESSIVE airstream
- Ejectives - glottalic EGRESSIVE
- Implosives - glottalic INGRESSIVE
When looking at a vocal tract diagram to inspect what sound might be represented, what should you look at
- Vocal cord/fold vibration
- Raised or lowered velum
- Position of tongue in oral cavity
Which set of sounds has one element that is dissimilar from the other two (in terms of voicing, place and manner)? (One correct answer.)
A) [ʔ], [pʼ], [kʼ]
B) [t͡ʃ], [s], [tʼ]
C) [d], [b], [ʘ]
D) [qʼ], [x], [ʐ]
v\C) [d], [b], [ʘ]
In which of the following scenarios is palatography the most appropriate method to analyze tongue placement during sound production? (Choose one correct answer.)
A) Analyzing the production of the vowel sound [i] in various dialects to determine tongue height and advancement.
B) Investigating the articulation of the fricative sound [ʃ] in individuals with speech sound disorders to observe contact patterns with the hard palate.
C) Examining the manner of articulation of the voiceless plosive [k] in different languages to compare velar closure.
D) Evaluating the production of nasal consonants, such as [m] and [n], to assess airflow and nasal cavity involvement.
B) Investigating the articulation of the fricative sound [ʃ] in individuals with speech sound disorders to observe contact patterns with the hard palate.
