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LING 313 Final Exam > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

Vowels |Airstream Mechanism

1
Q

What are the measuring factors for vowels?

A

Tongue height, backness and rounding

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2
Q

How do we usually measure vowel description (in terms of hearing?)

A

We mainly make acoustic analyses/evaluation

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3
Q

What is the role of the vowel chart?

A

To give auditory reference points for the comparison of vowels

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4
Q

Which of the following serve as 1 of 3 reference points for vowels?

/o/
/æ/
/e/
/ə/
/ɑ/
/ü/

A

/ɑ/

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5
Q

T or F : of the 8 cardinal vowels, exactly half of them of unrounded and rounded

A

T

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6
Q

T or F : the vowel system that we use today was not first made in English, but in a different language. If true, what language?

A

T, by the French system

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7
Q

T or F : in order to have complete accuracy in vowel sounds, in it important that we keep the transcription of our data and analysis strictly to the chart

A

F - it is important to remember that the chart serves as a reference point, but because it is cross linguistic, we will find vowel sounds that are between 2 sounds

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8
Q

Which of the following serve as limitations for cardinal vowels :
1. There are not technically enough vowels on the chart to make a ‘complete set’
2. We are missing practically all central vowels
3. The vowels in the chart do not account for all worldwide languages

A
  1. We are missing practically all central vowels
  2. The vowels in the chart do not account for all worldwide languages
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9
Q

Which of the following statements accurately reflects key aspects of the vowel chart and cardinal vowels system?
A. Vowel charts use tongue height, backness, and lip position, but vowel description is primarily auditory.
B. The IPA vowel chart is unbiased toward any specific language.
C. Cardinal vowels are actual vowels found in all languages.
D. The cardinal vowel system includes all central vowels.

A

A. Vowel charts use tongue height, backness, and lip position, but vowel description is primarily auditory.

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10
Q

What is the correct amount of regularly used cardinal vowels in the chart?

a. 8-10
b. 20
c. 16-18
d. 18

A

c. 16-18

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11
Q

Is /I/ as in “bit” a cardinal vowel? Why or why not?
A. Yes
B. No

A

B. No
Cardinal vowels need to be universal, and this one refers to a change that we have made over the years, in spoken ENGLISH

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12
Q

T of F : Acoustic descriptions allow us to quantify intermediate sounds.

A

T : the use of vowel qualities (high, back, rounded) helps us figure out the reference of non-cardinal vowels

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13
Q

Which of the following vowels CANNOT be nasalized?

  1. /i/
  2. /o/
  3. /u/
  4. /æ/
  5. /ə/
  6. /ɑ/
  7. All of the above
  8. None of the above
A
  1. None of the above
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14
Q

In which of the following words is a vowel NOT lengthened?
A) Bead [biːd]
B) Bid [bɪd]
C) Bad [bæːd]
D) Leap [liːp]

A

B) Bid [bɪd]

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15
Q

Why can lengthening occur in vowels :

A) Vowels always lengthen when followed by voiceless consonants.
B) Vowel lengthening occurs due to stress placement and when followed by voiced consonants.
C) Vowels only lengthen in unstressed syllables.
D) Vowel lengthening occurs due to the position of the tongue in the mouth.

A

B) Vowel lengthening occurs due to stress placement and when followed by voiced consonants.

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16
Q

Which of the following are NOT diactritics that we apply to vowels?

  1. Nasalization
  2. Breathiness
  3. Labialization
  4. Rhoticization
A

Labialization

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17
Q

T or F : When we pronounce a vowel (e.g. /o/), the sound coming out will have the SAME quality cross-linguistically because it is a cardinal vowel

A

F: whilst cardinal vowels are cross linguistic, they will have different vowel qualities

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18
Q

Which of the following sets of vowels have similar lip configuration in terms of spreading or rounding? (Two correct answers.)

[e, ɛ, ɯ]
[æ, ɜ, ʏ]
[ɒ, ø, ɤ]
[œ, y, ɞ]

A

[e, ɛ, ɯ]
[œ, y, ɞ]

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19
Q

Which of the following sets of sounds have all glottalic airstream mechanism? (Two correct answers.)

[p’, q’, ɓ]
[ǂ, p’, ɠ]
[ʘ, !, ‖]
[ɗ, ʛ, s’]

A

[p’, q’, ɓ]
[ɗ, ʛ, s’]

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20
Q

Which of the following sets of sounds involve the creation of low pressure cavities. (Two correct answers.)

[p’, t]
[ɗ, ʘ]
[ǁ, ɠ]
[k, s’]

A

[ɗ, ʘ]
[ǁ, ɠ]

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21
Q

For a given speaker, which of the following will be necessarily true? (One correct answer.)

  1. the pressure behind the constriction point in [k’] will always decrease before the release
  2. the supraglottal volume between glottis and constriction location will be greater for [q] than for [z]
  3. the supraglottal volume between glottis and constriction location will be smaller for [c] than for [t̪]
  4. the pressure behind the constriction point in [t] will always decrease before the release
A

the supraglottal volume between glottis and constriction location will be smaller for [c] than for [t̪]

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22
Q

John made a closure in the larynx, followed by a constriction with his lower lip touching his upper teeth. He then raised his larynx upward and released the constriction at the upper teeth. What sound did John produce? (One correct answer.)

[ɗ]
[f’]
[v]
[t’]

A

[f’]

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23
Q

Question: John made a closure in the larynx, followed by a constriction with his lower lip touching his upper teeth. He then lowered his larynx and released the constriction at the upper teeth. What sound did John produce? (One correct answer.)

A) [ɓ]
B) [f]
C) [ʄ]
D) [p’]

A

Correct answer: A) [ɓ]

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24
Q

____ and _____ of articulation position the vocal tract into a position that shapes ______.

A

place; manner; airflow

25
Q

Where does vocal tract noise come from (4)

A
  1. Tongue tip
  2. Uvula
  3. Lips
  4. Vocal folds
26
Q

Noise in the vocal tract stems from an ________ of pressure

A

equalization

27
Q

Name the three airstream mechanisms, and how they are produced, and which kinds of sounds come from them

A
  1. Pulmonic - lungs : most frequent sound in English
  2. Velaric - tongue : used for clicks
  3. Glottalic - vocal folds : used for implosives and ejectives
28
Q

What is the relationship between volume and pressure; what does it mean? And what is this relationship CALLED?

A

Boyle’s law : They are inversely proportionate - one is up, the other HAS to be down

29
Q

How are air molecules affected when volume is down?

  1. Volume being down means pressure is down.
  2. Volume being down means pressure will remain constant.
  3. Volume has nothing to do with air molecules in the vocal tract.
  4. Volume being down means pressure is up.
A
  1. Volume being down means pressure is up.
30
Q

T or F : when we talk about vocal tract pressure, the correct measurement is : cm H20

A

T - volume = cm(cubed) but the equalization is just cm

31
Q

The volume of the vocal tract (lungs to lips) when empty is equal to ______ cm(cubed) and when full is equal to _____ cm(cubed).

A

1500; 6500

32
Q

What is the average vocal tract volume?

A. 2500 cmcubed
B. 6500 cmcubed
C. 3500 cmcubed
D. 3000 cmcubed

A

D. 3000 cmcubed

33
Q

What does a ‘neutral vocal tract’ look like? and what is the volume of this neutrality?

A. A raised tongue (tip to alveolar) and velum raised; 120-160cm3
B. A lowered tongue (tip to alveolar) and velum lowered; 120-160cm3
C. A lowered tongue (tip to alveolar) and velum raised; 120-160cmcubed

A

C. A lowered tongue (tip to alveolar) and velum raised; 120-160cmcubed

34
Q

T or F : a nasal consonant’s volume would include BOTH the nasal AND the oral cavity

A

T

35
Q

The more ______ you are in the vocal tract means the ______ amount of volume you will have, meaning pressure will be UP.

A

back; lower

36
Q

Sarah is producing a voiceless bilabial stop - what is the range of the volume in her vocal tract?

  1. 80-160 cm3
  2. 120-160cm3
  3. 30-50 cm3
  4. 70-100cm3
A
  1. 120-160cm3
37
Q

Velar consonants will have an average range of _______ cm3 and alveolar will have ________ cm3

A

30-50; 70-100

38
Q

When all other factors are equal, which sound is produced with the smallest volume of air from the lungs to the place of constriction?
A. [t]
B. [p]
C. [q]
D. [g]

A

C. [q]

39
Q

Which kind of unit is used to describe to describe the ‘force per unit area’ of pressure and volume in the vocal tract?

A

dyne

40
Q

T or F : we care mostly about the relative pressure level in the vocal tract

A

T - absolute will matter less here

41
Q

What does pressure look like in stops?

A

Complete blockage –> pressure builds up behind the desired constriction –> quick release –> makes a burst

42
Q

What is the formula for volume - what does each part mean

A

P1 (initial pressure) * Volume 1 (initial volume) = P2 (new pressure) * V2 (new volume)

43
Q

Hannah is trying to measure the relationship between pressure and volume in the vocal tract, and the only value she can’t figure out is the P1. What happens here?

  1. The default P1 (atmospheric pressure) = 1000 cm H20, so she should use that
  2. Hannah cannot make any calculations.
  3. She can calculate the P1 by dividing V2/V1
  4. None of the above
A
  1. None of the above
44
Q

What is the P1 default value?

A

1030 cm h20

45
Q

Suppose, a vocal tract has an initial volume of 3030 cm3; this volume is reduced to 3000 cm3 by the compression of the lungs while producing a [p] sound.
▶ What will be the absolute air pressure in the reduced cavity?
▶ What will be relative air pressure generated behind the closure?
▶ List the given:
▶ V1 = 3030 cm3,
▶ V2 = 3000 cm3,
▶ P1 = 1030 cm H2O (baseline atmospheric pressure)

What will be the absolute air pressure in the reduced cavity?
A. 10.30 cm3
B. 8825.20 cm H2O
C. 1040.30 cm H2O
D. 10.30 cm H2O

A

C. 1040.30 cm H2O

46
Q

How do we calculate the relative air pressure in the vocal tract?

A

Prel = P absolute - P atmosphere
= 1040.3 - 1030 = 10.3 cm h20

47
Q

Pulmonic eggressive means air is moving ______ by the ______ and ingressive is _______

A

out; lungs; in

48
Q

The lowering of the larynx does not happen in … (Mark all that apply.)

A. [ä]
B. [!]
C. [t’]

A

B. [!] – click, ingressive, velaric - larynx UP
C. [t’] – glottalic eggressive

49
Q

Ejectives are part of the _______ egressive airstream, meaning that they make a closure at the ____ AND _____ place

A

glottalic; oral; glottal

50
Q

T or F : ejectives can at times be voiced.

A

F : they are voiceless

51
Q

Implosives are part of the _______ ingressive airstream, meaning that they make a PARTIAL closure at the ____ AND _____ place

A

glottal; oral

52
Q

T or F : implosives are voiced.

A

T

53
Q

How do implosives vary cross-linguistically?

A

Sometimes they are voiced and other times are voiceless

54
Q

T or F : vocal fold STRENGTH can impact the way that implosives are pronounced - if so, what kinds of voicing?

A

T : e.g. fully voiced, creaky, or even voiceless

55
Q

______ belong to a an ingressive velaric airstream, meaning that the closures are at the _____ place and more ______ in the oral cavity
A. Clicks; nasal; back
B. Clicks; oral; back
C. Clicks; oral; forward

A

C. Clicks; oral; forward

56
Q

Which of the following sounds can be nasalized

a. [a’]
b. [ɠ]
c. [d’]
d. [ʘ]

A

d. [ʘ] - clicks can be nasalized

57
Q

Which of the following infos characterizes ejectives:

A. Glottis UP, Larynx DOWN, Volume UP, pressure DOWN
B. Glottis UP, Larynx DOWN, Volume DOWN, pressure UP
C. Glottis DOWN, Volume DOWN, pressure UP
D. Glottis DOWN, Larynx UP, Volume DOWN, pressure UP
E. Glottis UP, Larynx UP, Volume DOWN, pressure UP

A

E. Glottis UP, Larynx UP, Volume DOWN, pressure UP

58
Q

Which of the following infos characterizes implosives:

A. Glottis DOWN, Larynx DOWN, Volume UP, pressure DOWN
B. Glottis UP, Larynx DOWN, Volume DOWN, pressure UP
C. Glottis DOWN, Volume DOWN, pressure UP
D. Glottis DOWN, Larynx UP, Volume DOWN, pressure UP
E. Glottis UP, Larynx UP, Volume DOWN, pressure UP

A

A. Glottis DOWN, Larynx DOWN, Volume UP, pressure DOWN

59
Q

Which ones are true for Cardinal vowels? (One correct answer.)

A. Caridinal vowel system is based on both perception and their corresponding acoustical properties.
B. Out of the 16 cardinal vowels, exactly half are rounded and half and unrounded
C. Secondary cardinal vowels are the rounded counterparts of the primary cardinal vowels
D. The vowels [i], [æ] and [u] serve as the anchor points in the cardinal vowel chart

A

B. Out of the 16 cardinal vowels, exactly half are rounded and half and unrounded

LING 313 Final Exam (11 decks)

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