Quiz 7 Flashcards
True or F : the constriction from in our vocal tract counts it overall as a single tube
False, the constriction in our vocal tract is small enough to count it as two tubes
What determines whether or not the F1 will be from the front or back cavity
The length of the back cavity
Where is the Helmholtz resonator located in a nomogram
At the bottom, nearest to the x axis
What changes the speed of sound?
Temperature
For a given sound, how do you classify formants to know from which cavity they are coming from? + give example
You get the first 3 resonance frequencies of each tube by doing the math calculations for open-closed
F1 = 35000/(4L) or F1 = (2n-1)35000/4L
Then for F2 and F3 –> F1x(2n-1)
use this for both tubes, then format from smallest to largest the numbers –> from this you figure out where each formant comes from
T or F : In the Helmholtz resonator, we care about the volume of the OPENING
F : we care about the volume of the cavity - so in the water bottle, it woul be the bottle and not the cap
What are the two factors pertaining to the opening of the Helmholtz resonator that we CARE about? (think AL)
A : area of the opening
L : length of the opening
T or F : if the F1 of a sound = 800 and the F2 of the sound = 1300, then the Helmholtz resonator = 1300
F : the Helmholtz resonator shows up as the F1 of sounds
Fill in the blanks : in a ________ spectrum, you can notice harmonics, but not in a ___________ one.
a. bandpass; broadband
b. highpass; broadband
c. broadband; narrowband
d. narrowband; broadband
d. narrowband; broadband
T or F : harmonics are a very interesting acoustic feature : they are both seen in the source and in the filter
F : they are ONLY made in the source, from the vocal folds
T or F : HIGH pitch sounds contain harmonics that are EASIER to boost because they have the same sensitive filter.
F : they have the same filter, therefore it is hard to distinguish between harmonics, thus making the boosting process even more difficult.
Tongue height doesn’t/does directly lower F1; tongue height and backness are/aren’t in a linear order
doesn’t; aren’t
Explain the interests of the perturbation theory - what are we looking at?
We are looking at the acoustic consequences of specific events occurring in the VT, specifically in terms of pressure and constriction.
What are the two types of factors in waves that allow for a change in frequency
a. the helmholtz resonator and antinodes
b. the width of a person’s VT and nodes
c. antinodes and nodes
d. The type of sound.
c. antinodes and nodes
Antinodes are found at the _______ of a standing wave and nodes are found at the _____ of said wave.
peak/valley; zero line
T or F : Antinodes, nearest to constrictions, will decrease the frequency of a wave, and nodes will increase said frequency
T
T or F : there will ALWAYS be an antinode at the lips
T : given that the lips is a constriction and asked with rounding, there will be an antinode there.
+ rounding –> + constriction
Describes 3 common patterns in models regarding the perturbation theory and F1 and F2.
- ALL standing waves have an antinode at lips caused by constriction
- F1 has a NODE close to the pharynx.
- F2 has a ANTINODE close to the alveolar ridge
Consider the second formant: A constriction formed with the front of the tongue near the
alveolar ridge will be near a ______ antinode for F2 and will therefore _____ it.
volume velocity; raise
volume velocity; lower
pressure; raise
pressure; lower
pressure; raise
Rounding the lips causes constriction of a ____ antinode at the lips and will therefore _____.
volume velocity/pressure
raise all formants/lower all formants
volume velocity; lower all formants
The standing wave pattern for the first formant includes _____________:
- a velocity antinode at the lips and a pressure antinode at the larynx
- a velocity antinode at the lips and a velocity antinode at the larynx
- a pressure antinode at the lips and a velocity antinode at the larynx
- a pressure antinode at the lips and a pressure antinode at the larynx
- a velocity antinode at the lips and a pressure antinode at the larynx
Protruding the lips lengthens the vocal tract and will therefore ____________.
- raise F1
- Lower F1
- Raise F2
- Lower F2
- Lower all formants
- Lower all formants
Consider the first formant F1. A constriction in the oral part of the vocal tract (high vowel) will be near a ____ antinode for F1 and will _____ it.
blank a: volume velocity/pressure?
blank b: lower or raise?
volume velocity; lower
What has the small tube and the large tube in the VT
Small tube : back/pharynx
Large tube : oral cavity
Consider a vocal tract modeled as a single tube that is open at one end and closed at the other. Mary found that the second highest resonance frequency of the tube is 2100 Hz. What should be the first resonance frequency of the vocal tract?
700 Hz
1050 Hz
1400 Hz
1750 Hz
700 Hz
Imagine you are analyzing the resonant frequencies of a vocal tract using a two-tube model. The vocal tract is divided into a back cavity that is 8 cm long and a front cavity that is 4 cm long. The two tubes are each modeled as being closed at one end (toward the glottis) and open at the other (toward the lips).
Given this configuration, which of the following is likely true regarding the first resonant frequency (F1) produced by this two-tube model?
a. F1 will be primarily determined by the front cavity.
b. F1 will be primarily determined by the back cavity.
c. F1 will result from the combined resonances of both tubes at equal frequencies.
d. F1 will be unrelated to the lengths of either tube in this model.
b. F1 will be primarily determined by the back cavity.
In a two-tube model of the vocal tract, which of the following are true? (Two correct answers.)
a. Each tube is modeled as being closed at one end and open at the other.
b. The first resonant frequency (F1) is always determined by the front cavity.
c. The ordering of resonant frequencies depends on the lengths of both the front and back cavities.
d. The model is only suitable for vowels produced without any constriction in the vocal tract.
a. Each tube is modeled as being closed at one end and open at the other.
c. The ordering of resonant frequencies depends on the lengths of both the front and back cavities.
Which of the following statements about the single-tube model of vowel production are true? (Two correct answers.)
a. It is based on the assumption of a uniform tube open at one end and closed at the other.
b. It can accurately model vowels having narrow constrictions in the vocal tract.
c. It works well for vowels which no major constrictions in the vocal tract.
d. It can model most vowels, regardless of vocal tract shape.
a. It is based on the assumption of a uniform tube open at one end and closed at the other.
c. It works well for vowels which no major constrictions in the vocal tract.
In perturbation theory, what happens to the frequency of a formant when a constriction is made near an antinode?
a. The frequency remains unchanged.
b. The frequency decreases.
c. The frequency doubles.
d. The frequency increases.
b. The frequency decreases.
T or F : The schwa is able to model a good open-open single tube model
F : open-closed
T or F : Smaller tube has a decreased frequency
F : a higher frequency
Tubes : a velar sound will have a ______ cavity length and a bilabial sound will have a _____ cavity length
a. smaller; larger
b. larger; smaller
c. both small
d. both large
a. smaller; larger
What is the formula to get the formant resonance
f(resonance) = v/2pi x square root of A / V L
T or F : A Helmholtz resonator has MORE than 1 single isolated low frequency
F : just the f1
The lowest frequency wave is the ____ or the ____
F0; H1
Which kind of tube will resonate LOWER when they are similar lengths and WHY
- Open-closed
- Open-open
- Open-closed - the wavelength in this tube is 1/4 of a wave, so lower wavelength means lower frequency means a lower resonance frequency
What kind of 2 tubes
In two tube models, you have TWO tubes that are open-close
Which tube has a higher frequency, the smaller tube or the larger tube
Smaller tube
What kind of sounds don’t need to represented by a nomogram, give an example
Sounds with single tube model, such as the schwa
Why do we not need a nomogram for sounds with single tube models?
- A single tube model doesn’t reflect the goal of the nomogram
- We don’t need to see the front and back cavity for single tube models
- We calculate our resonance frequencies differently for single-tube sounds than using a nomogram
- We calculate our resonance frequencies differently for single-tube sounds than using a nomogram
Which formula is used to find the resonance frequencies of a single-tube model?
F0 (or H1) x n (n being the number of the harmonic)
What is the other term for resonance frequencies
Harmonics
T of F : not every sound will have a constriction, only consonants
False, every sound does
T or F : the size of the constriction of a sound doesn’t account for any variability for formant
F, the size of the constriction definitely matters
The Helmhotlz resonator ONLY Gives us (choose the best) :
- Back cavity resonances
- Front cavity resonances
- ONLY one very low frequency
- One low frequency and other back resonances
- One low frequency and other back resonances
When producing a rounded vowel like [u], the back cavity resonance primarily:
a. lowers the frequency of F1 and aligns with the front cavity resonance.
b. raises the frequency of F1 and conflicts with the front cavity resonance.
c. lowers the frequency of both F1 and F2 due to lip rounding and cavity elongation.
d. raises the frequency of F2 while having no impact on F1 due to cavity separation.
c. lowers the frequency of both F1 and F2 due to lip rounding and cavity elongation.
Which of the following is true about the interaction between back and front cavity resonances in producing a low vowel like [æ]?
a. The back cavity produces a lower resonance than the front cavity, but both contribute equally to F1.
b. The front cavity primarily determines F2, while the back cavity’s resonance dominates F1.
c. The back cavity has a larger volume, leading to higher frequency resonances compared to the front cavity.
d. The front and back cavity resonances align to create a singular peak near F1.
The front cavity primarily determines F2, while the back cavity’s resonance dominates F1.
For a low back vowel like [ɑ], the resonance of the back cavity is expected to:
a. include a velocity antinode at the pharyngeal wall and a pressure node near the lips
b. include a pressure antinode at the pharyngeal wall and a velocity antinode near the lips
c. include a velocity antinode at the pharyngeal wall and a pressure antinode at the uvula
d. include a pressure antinode at the pharyngeal wall and a pressure node at the uvula
b. include a pressure antinode at the pharyngeal wall and a velocity antinode near the lips.
Explanation:
In low back vowels like [ɑ], the back cavity is relatively large, leading to a pressure antinode at the pharyngeal wall (a closed end) and a velocity antinode (maximum airflow) near the lips (an open end).
In relation to frequency, what is the role of pressure?
Frequency is the number of pressure waves that pass by a reference point per unit time
A constriction in the pharynx will ____ because it there’s a(n) ______ close to it
- Raise the f1; node
- Lower the F1; antinode
- Raise the f2; node
- Lower the F2; antinode
- Raise the f1; node
A constriction at the alveolar ridge will ____ because it there’s a(n) ______ close to it
1.Raise the f1; node
2. Lower the F1; antinode
3. Raise the f2; node
4. Lower the F2; antinode
- Raise the f2; node
Which formant will be increased the most by [t]? (check the diagram)
a. F1
b. F2
c. F3
d. F4
B. F2 - closest formant near a node (which increases)
The English [r] is correlated with a lower F3, why? use perturbation theory to explain (2)
- Rounding at lips is a constriction - AND will lower all formants
- constriction at alveolar ridge
