quiz 6 Flashcards
hormone-producing tissue
mostly glands
-pancreas
endocrine system
message delivery system
hormones
molecules that deliver a message inside a target cell
target cells
cells that a hormone communicates with
Non steroid hormone communication
binds to receptor on the exterior cell membrane
-stimulates a secondary messenger
-cAMP - secondary messenger
-glucagon outside the cell
non lipid soluble
cannot cross a membrane
-made from amino acids
-require cell surface receptors
non steroid hormones are separated into 2 groups
protein and amino acid derived hormones
protein/peptide hormones
made from a string of amino acids
-insulin, glucagon, growth hormone
amino acid derived hormone
thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
-adrenal hormones
-catecholamines (adrenaline)
steroid hormones are made from
cholestrol
lipid soluble steroid hormones
diffuse through membranes
examples of steroid hormones
adrenal hormones (cortisol)
sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
homeostasis and feedback
- stimulus
- receptor
- control center
- effector
- stimulus reduced
blood sugar
body wants it to be between 70-100 mg/dl
hyperglycemic
high blood sugar
-insulin
-pancreas senses and releases insulin to lower blood sugar
hypoglycemic
low blood sugar
-glucagon
-pancreas senses and releases glucagon raises blood sugar
a primary role of the endocrine system is to maintain the body homeostasis
- blood sugar
- body temp
- metabolism
- blood calcium
- blood pressure
- hydration
negative feedback loop:
increased output from system inhibits system output
-increases output from the system decreases deviation in homeostasis, enabling homeostasis
- stimulus
homeostasis deviation from set point or range
- sensor
thermostat temperature sensor
-hypothalamus
- control center
thermostat controls trigger of furnace
-hypothalamus
- effector
furnace/air conditioner producing hot or cold air
- restoring temperature to
set point or range
moe hormones =
usually means “greater action”
hormone action dependent on
amount of working receptors
receptor amount can change due to
upregulation and down regulation
upregulation
increase number of receptors
moe receptors = greater action
sensitization
desensitization
decrease number of receptors
fewer receptors = less action
desensitization
steroid hormone receptors found
inside cell, cytoplasm or nucleus
hormone receptor complex enters nucleus and
binds to DNA, which regulates mRNA synthesis (transcription and translation)
nonsteroid hormones receptors are found
on cell membrane (need second messengers)
carry out hormone effects inside cells and delivers message via
second messenger
common second messengers
cAMP
exercises ___ secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones
increases
GHRH releases
GH
stimulating hypothalamus
GHRH
growth hormone releasing hormone
higher intensity causes greater release of
GH
GH is an _____ hormone
anabolic hormone
GH stimulates fat metabolism via
lipolysis
thyroid gland releases
T3 and T4
hypothalamus is stimulated by
exercise and releases TRH
anterior pituitary releases
TSH
T3 and T4 lead to increase in
- metabolic water
- protein synthesis
- number and size of mitochondria
- glucose uptake by cells
- rate of glycolysis
- rate of glucogenesis
- FFA mobilization (MTATTO)
exercise increases
TSH release
which increases T4 release
adrenal gland releases
catecholamines (fight or flight)
sympathetic nervous system releases
epinephrine and norepinephrine
catecholamine release increases
HR
contractile force
-blood pressure
-glycogenolysis
-lipolysis
- blood flow
when the hypothalamus is stimulated
releases CRH
CRH stimulates the antuitary pituitary to release
ATCH
ATCH stimulates adrenal gland to release
cortisol
functions of cortisol
increase of protein catabolism
decrease protein synthesis
increase gluconeogenesis
increase FFA mobilization
pancreas target cells
muscle, fat, and liver cells
insulin is an
anabolic hormone
insulin inhibits
catabolic processes
glucagon is a
catabolic hormone
-helps make energy available for muscle
anabolic and inhibits catabolic
glycogenolysis
proteolysis
lipolysis
glucagon target cells
liver
skeletal muscle
liver glycogen
helps maintain blood glucose
muscle glycogen
provides local glucose source
only liver glucose can be put back into the
blood
liver converts glycerol into glucose
glycerol into glucose
hormones that help maintain available glucose via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
-glucagon
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-cortisol
as exercise duration increases
more liver glycogen utilized because muscle glycogen beings to run low
as glycogen _____ glucagon levels ___
decreases and increases
hormones accelerate
lipolysis
MTATO
lipolysis stimulated by
- decrease in insulin
- increase epinephrine
- increase epinephrine
- cortisol
- GH
major functions of cardiovascular system
- transportation -nutriuents
- removes CO2 and waste
- transports hormones
- enables homeostasis
- immune function
three major circulatory elements (closed system)
- a pump (heart)
- pipes/tubes (blood vessels)
- a fluid (blood) -RBC
arterial circulation
blood is moving away from the heart
venous circulation
blood is moving towards the heart
heart generates ____ to drive blood through arterial circulation
pressure
left ventricle contracts
systole
arterial circulation
oxygenated
venous circulation
deoxygenated
arteries carry blood
away from the heart
arteries
control blood flow, feed capillaries
capillaries
site of nutrients and waste exchange
venules
collect blood from capillary beds
veins carry blood from venules
back to heart
contraction =
systole
diastole =
relaxation
highest pressure
aorta and arteries
lowest pressure
capillaries and veins
arterioles =
resistance vessels that lead to capillaries
vasoconstriction
making smaller
vasodilation
making bigger
at rest cardiac output (CO) =
5 L/min
liver and kidneys recieve___ of cardiac output
50%
skeletal muscle receives ___ of cardiac output
20%
80% during heavy exercise
during heavy exercise CO =
25 L/min
right heart
venous return and to pulmonary circulation
right heart receives systemic
blood from vena cava
pump deoxygenated blood from veins to lungs
blood gains O2 and blood loses CO2
left heart
pulmonary return and aorta and systemic circulation
left heart receives
oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it back to the body
intrinsic blood flow
coming from within blood vessels
vascular shunting
the ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate arterioles that serve them
-alters regional flow
3 types of intrinsic control
metabolic
endothelial
myogenic
metabolic mechanisms
decrease in O2
increase in CO2, K+, H+
endothelial mechanisms
substances secreted by vessel walls
Nitric oxide
