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quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

hormone-producing tissue

A

mostly glands
-pancreas

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2
Q

endocrine system

A

message delivery system

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3
Q

hormones

A

molecules that deliver a message inside a target cell

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4
Q

target cells

A

cells that a hormone communicates with

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5
Q

Non steroid hormone communication

A

binds to receptor on the exterior cell membrane
-stimulates a secondary messenger
-cAMP - secondary messenger
-glucagon outside the cell

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6
Q

non lipid soluble

A

cannot cross a membrane
-made from amino acids
-require cell surface receptors

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7
Q

non steroid hormones are separated into 2 groups

A

protein and amino acid derived hormones

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8
Q

protein/peptide hormones

A

made from a string of amino acids
-insulin, glucagon, growth hormone

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9
Q

amino acid derived hormone

A

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
-adrenal hormones
-catecholamines (adrenaline)

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10
Q

steroid hormones are made from

A

cholestrol

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11
Q

lipid soluble steroid hormones

A

diffuse through membranes

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12
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

adrenal hormones (cortisol)
sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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13
Q

homeostasis and feedback

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptor
  3. control center
  4. effector
  5. stimulus reduced
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14
Q

blood sugar

A

body wants it to be between 70-100 mg/dl

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15
Q

hyperglycemic

A

high blood sugar
-insulin
-pancreas senses and releases insulin to lower blood sugar

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16
Q

hypoglycemic

A

low blood sugar
-glucagon
-pancreas senses and releases glucagon raises blood sugar

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17
Q

a primary role of the endocrine system is to maintain the body homeostasis

A
  1. blood sugar
  2. body temp
  3. metabolism
  4. blood calcium
  5. blood pressure
  6. hydration
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18
Q

negative feedback loop:

A

increased output from system inhibits system output
-increases output from the system decreases deviation in homeostasis, enabling homeostasis

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19
Q
  1. stimulus
A

homeostasis deviation from set point or range

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20
Q
  1. sensor
A

thermostat temperature sensor
-hypothalamus

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21
Q
  1. control center
A

thermostat controls trigger of furnace
-hypothalamus

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22
Q
  1. effector
A

furnace/air conditioner producing hot or cold air

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23
Q
  1. restoring temperature to
A

set point or range

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24
Q

moe hormones =

A

usually means “greater action”

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25
Q

hormone action dependent on

A

amount of working receptors

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26
Q

receptor amount can change due to

A

upregulation and down regulation

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27
Q

upregulation

A

increase number of receptors
moe receptors = greater action
sensitization

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28
Q

desensitization

A

decrease number of receptors
fewer receptors = less action
desensitization

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29
Q

steroid hormone receptors found

A

inside cell, cytoplasm or nucleus

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30
Q

hormone receptor complex enters nucleus and

A

binds to DNA, which regulates mRNA synthesis (transcription and translation)

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31
Q

nonsteroid hormones receptors are found

A

on cell membrane (need second messengers)

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32
Q

carry out hormone effects inside cells and delivers message via

A

second messenger

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33
Q

common second messengers

A

cAMP

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34
Q

exercises ___ secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones

A

increases

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35
Q

GHRH releases

A

GH

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36
Q

stimulating hypothalamus

A

GHRH
growth hormone releasing hormone

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37
Q

higher intensity causes greater release of

A

GH

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38
Q

GH is an _____ hormone

A

anabolic hormone

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39
Q

GH stimulates fat metabolism via

A

lipolysis

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40
Q

thyroid gland releases

A

T3 and T4

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41
Q

hypothalamus is stimulated by

A

exercise and releases TRH

42
Q

anterior pituitary releases

A

TSH

43
Q

T3 and T4 lead to increase in

A
  1. metabolic water
  2. protein synthesis
  3. number and size of mitochondria
  4. glucose uptake by cells
  5. rate of glycolysis
  6. rate of glucogenesis
  7. FFA mobilization (MTATTO)
44
Q

exercise increases

A

TSH release
which increases T4 release

45
Q

adrenal gland releases

A

catecholamines (fight or flight)

46
Q

sympathetic nervous system releases

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

47
Q

catecholamine release increases

A

HR
contractile force
-blood pressure
-glycogenolysis
-lipolysis
- blood flow

48
Q

when the hypothalamus is stimulated

A

releases CRH

49
Q

CRH stimulates the antuitary pituitary to release

A

ATCH

50
Q

ATCH stimulates adrenal gland to release

A

cortisol

51
Q

functions of cortisol

A

increase of protein catabolism
decrease protein synthesis
increase gluconeogenesis
increase FFA mobilization

52
Q

pancreas target cells

A

muscle, fat, and liver cells

53
Q

insulin is an

A

anabolic hormone

54
Q

insulin inhibits

A

catabolic processes

55
Q

glucagon is a

A

catabolic hormone
-helps make energy available for muscle

56
Q

anabolic and inhibits catabolic

A

glycogenolysis
proteolysis
lipolysis

57
Q

glucagon target cells

A

liver
skeletal muscle

58
Q

liver glycogen

A

helps maintain blood glucose

59
Q

muscle glycogen

A

provides local glucose source

60
Q

only liver glucose can be put back into the

A

blood

61
Q

liver converts glycerol into glucose

A

glycerol into glucose

62
Q

hormones that help maintain available glucose via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

-glucagon
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-cortisol

63
Q

as exercise duration increases

A

more liver glycogen utilized because muscle glycogen beings to run low

64
Q

as glycogen _____ glucagon levels ___

A

decreases and increases

65
Q

hormones accelerate

A

lipolysis

66
Q

MTATO

A
67
Q

lipolysis stimulated by

A
  1. decrease in insulin
  2. increase epinephrine
  3. increase epinephrine
  4. cortisol
  5. GH
68
Q

major functions of cardiovascular system

A
  1. transportation -nutriuents
  2. removes CO2 and waste
  3. transports hormones
  4. enables homeostasis
  5. immune function
69
Q

three major circulatory elements (closed system)

A
  1. a pump (heart)
  2. pipes/tubes (blood vessels)
  3. a fluid (blood) -RBC
70
Q

arterial circulation

A

blood is moving away from the heart

71
Q

venous circulation

A

blood is moving towards the heart

72
Q

heart generates ____ to drive blood through arterial circulation

A

pressure

73
Q

left ventricle contracts

A

systole

74
Q

arterial circulation

A

oxygenated

75
Q

venous circulation

A

deoxygenated

76
Q

arteries carry blood

A

away from the heart

77
Q

arteries

A

control blood flow, feed capillaries

78
Q

capillaries

A

site of nutrients and waste exchange

79
Q

venules

A

collect blood from capillary beds

80
Q

veins carry blood from venules

A

back to heart

81
Q

contraction =

A

systole

82
Q

diastole =

A

relaxation

83
Q

highest pressure

A

aorta and arteries

84
Q

lowest pressure

A

capillaries and veins

85
Q

arterioles =

A

resistance vessels that lead to capillaries

86
Q

vasoconstriction

A

making smaller

87
Q

vasodilation

A

making bigger

88
Q

at rest cardiac output (CO) =

A

5 L/min

89
Q

liver and kidneys recieve___ of cardiac output

A

50%

90
Q

skeletal muscle receives ___ of cardiac output

A

20%
80% during heavy exercise

91
Q

during heavy exercise CO =

A

25 L/min

92
Q

right heart

A

venous return and to pulmonary circulation

93
Q

right heart receives systemic

A

blood from vena cava

94
Q

pump deoxygenated blood from veins to lungs

A

blood gains O2 and blood loses CO2

95
Q

left heart

A

pulmonary return and aorta and systemic circulation

96
Q

left heart receives

A

oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it back to the body

97
Q

intrinsic blood flow

A

coming from within blood vessels

98
Q

vascular shunting

A

the ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate arterioles that serve them
-alters regional flow

99
Q

3 types of intrinsic control

A

metabolic
endothelial
myogenic

100
Q

metabolic mechanisms

A

decrease in O2
increase in CO2, K+, H+

101
Q

endothelial mechanisms

A

substances secreted by vessel walls
Nitric oxide

102
Q
A

ex phis (13 decks)

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