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ex phis > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

energy expenditure equation

A

fuel+O2= energy+heat+CO2+h2o

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2
Q

heat

A

direct calorimetry

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3
Q

O2 and CO2

A

indirect calorimetry

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4
Q

40% of substrate energy from

A

ATP

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5
Q

60% of substrate energy from

A

heat

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6
Q

direct calorimetry

A

measures energy expenditure directly t

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7
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

measures metabolic gases to indirectly measure energy expenditure

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8
Q

measuring energy expenditure =

A

estimates the total body energy expenditure based on O2 used and CO2 produced

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9
Q

O2 used in

A

ETC

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10
Q

CO2 is produced in

A

Krebs and PDH

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11
Q

VO2

A

volume of O2 consumed per minute

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12
Q

calculating VO2=

A

volume of inpsired O2 -volume of expired O2

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13
Q

why does venous blood have lower O2

A

tissues have consumed the oxygen out of it

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14
Q

VCO2

A

volume of CO2 consumed per minute

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15
Q

calculating VCO2=

A

volume expried -volume inpsired

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16
Q

whis is CO2 breathed out larger than CO2 breathed in

A

CO2 production in bioenergetics and the extra CO2 enters the blood as a waste product

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17
Q

venous blood CO2 content is

A

high

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18
Q

arterial blood CO2 content is

A

lower

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19
Q

(A-V) O2 difference

A

subtracting arterial from Venous and getting O2 difference

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20
Q

lowest VO2 =

A

resting or RMR

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21
Q

highest VO2 =

A

VO2 max

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22
Q

everytime RER =0.80

A

RER eq. = 4.80 kcals/ L O2

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23
Q

everytime RER= 0.95

A

RER eq. = 4.99 kcals/ L O2

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24
Q

Maximal VO2 uptake (VO2 peak)

A

point at which O2 consumption doesnt increase with further increase in intensity

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25
Q

aterial blood O2

A

highest because blood has just gone through the lungs

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26
Q

venous blood O2

A

lowest because blood has passed through the tissues

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27
Q

Vo2 max best measures

A

fitness

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28
Q

adaptions that can increase VO2 peak

A
  1. increase mitochondria
  2. increase hemoglobin
  3. increase mypglobin
  4. add capillaries
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29
Q

absolute VO2 peak

A

L/min
better used in non weight bearing actiives

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30
Q

relative Vo2 peak

A

ML/kg/min
most accurate when comparing
-body sizes
-body composition
-sexes

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31
Q

criteria for reaching VO2 max

A
  1. plataue in O2 uptake
    -< 2 ml/kg/min difference during last 2 minutes
  2. HR
    ->95% max HR
  3. RER > 1.10
    2 of 3
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32
Q

how to find predicted HR

A

220-AGE

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33
Q

VT

A

Point at which VE/Vo2 begins to rise disproportionately and without a corresponding increase in VE/VO2

-follows lactate threshold

when ventilation begins to increase disproportionately

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34
Q

ventilatory threshold equivalents

A

VE/VCO2
VE/VO2

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35
Q

lactate threshold

A

when lactate begins to appear in the blood

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36
Q

mitochondria consumes

A

pyruvate but all of it that cannot be consumed spills over into the blood

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37
Q

fatigue after VT and LT

A

increase acidity (decrease in Ph)
increase in H
buffering capacity is overwhelmed

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38
Q

acidity inhibits which bioenergetic pathways

A

glycolysis, krebs and ETC

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39
Q

VT and LT indicate

A

performance

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40
Q

indirect calorimetry limitations

A
  1. CO2 production may not =CO2 exhalation
  2. RER inaccurate for protein oxidation
  3. lactate use a fuel produces RER about 1.0 due to CO2 exhalation
  4. gluconeogenesis produces RER <0.70
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41
Q

1 L O2/min =

A

5 kcals

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42
Q

1 met =

A

3.5 ml/kg/min

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43
Q

light intnesity =

A

< 3.0 mets

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44
Q

medium intensity =

A

3.0-5.9 Met

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45
Q

high intensity =

A

> 6.0 met

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46
Q

metabolic rate =

A

rate of energy used by body

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47
Q

RMR

A

rate of energy used at rest and to sustain life

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48
Q

steady state

A

when the work is constant

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49
Q

VO2 consumption, metabolic rate, and VO2 increase with

A

exercise

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50
Q

O2 deficit

A

O2 demand is greater than O2 consumed

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51
Q

pathways that supply energy during O2 deficit

A

PCR and glycolysis

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52
Q

EPOC

A

represents that difference between O2 consumption and O2 demand

-O2 consumed is greater than demand

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53
Q

reasons for EPOC

A
  1. elevated hormones
  2. oxidizing lactate
  3. thermoregulation
  4. ion redistribution
  5. elevated breathing and HR
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54
Q

anaerobic sports

A

high intensity
short duration
bioenergetics - PCr, glycolysis (incomplete)

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55
Q

successful endurance athletes have

A

High Vo2 max
high LT
high economy of effort
high % of type 1 fibers

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56
Q

high LT =

A

better endurance performance

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57
Q

fatigue

A

decrements in muscular performance with continued effort
2. inability to maintain required power output to continue muscular work at given intensity

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58
Q

fatigue causes

A
  1. inadequate energy delivery
  2. accumulation of metabolic pathways
  3. heat
  4. altered neural control of muscle contraction
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59
Q

inadequate energy delievery

A

Phosphocreatine depletion
PCr is used for short term intensity

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60
Q

glycogen depletion =

A

hitting a wall

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61
Q

fiber type recruitment

A

Type 1 first
type 2a (moderate-high Intensity)
type 2x recruited last (maximal intensity)

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62
Q

H+ accumulates during a brief high intensity exercise causes

A

a decrease in muscle PH

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63
Q

Altered neural control of muscle contraction

A

failure may occur at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle activation

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64
Q

endocrine system

A

message delivery system

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65
Q

hormone-producing tissue

A

glands and pancreas

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66
Q

target cells

A

cells that a hormone communicates with

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67
Q

non steroid hormones communication

A

binds to an exterior cell membrane
-stimulates secondary messengr

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68
Q

non steroid hormones are made from

A

amino acids and not lipid soluble

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69
Q

protein/peptide hormones

A

insulin, glucagon, growth hormone

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70
Q

amino acid derived hormone

A

thyroid hormones, adrenal hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine

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71
Q

steroid hormone communication

A

all hormones deliver a message inside the cell

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72
Q

steriod hormones are made from

A

cholesterol
lipid soluble

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73
Q

examples of steroid hormone

A

adrenal hormone (cortisol) , sex hormones

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74
Q

homeostasis and feedback system

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptor
  3. control center
  4. effector
  5. stimulus reduced
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75
Q

the primary role of the endocrine system is to maintain body homeostasis

A

-blood sugar
-body temp
-metabolism
-blood calcium
-blood pressure
-hydration

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76
Q

negative feedback loop

A

increased output from system; inhibits system output

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77
Q

stimulus

A

homeostasis deviation from set point

78
Q

control center

A

trigger whatever can fix it

79
Q

effector

A

resolving the problem

80
Q

more hormone means greater

A

action

81
Q

hormone action is dependent on

A

the number of working receptors

82
Q

receptor amount can change due to

A

up and down regulation

83
Q

upregulation

A

increase number of receptors

84
Q

downregulation

A

decreases number of receptors

85
Q

steroid receptors are found

A

inside the cell

86
Q

steroid hormone binds to

A

DNA and regulates mRNA to transcription and translation

87
Q

Nonsteroid hormone receptors are

A

second messengers

88
Q

common secondary messenger

A

cAMP

89
Q

anterior pituitary gland located

A

inferior to hypothalamus

90
Q

___ causes anterior pituitary glands to secrete

A

exerecise

91
Q

GHRH releases

A

GH from anterior pit gland

92
Q

GH

A

anabolic
-promotes muscle growth
-stimulates fat metabolism via lipolysis

93
Q

thyroid gland located in

A

neck and trachea

94
Q

thyroid gland releases

A

T3 and T4

95
Q

order of how thyroid gland releases hormones

A
  1. hypothalamus is stimulated by exercise
  2. that releases TRH
  3. anterior pituitary releases TSH
  4. travels to thyroid and stimulates T3 and T4 release
96
Q

T3 and T4 lead to increases in

A

Metabolic water, protein synthesis, # and size of mitochondria, glucose uptake by cells

97
Q

Exercise increases TSH release which increases

A

T4 releases

98
Q

Adrenal gland releases

A

catecholamines (fight or flight)
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-Cortisol

99
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by

A

nervous system

100
Q

catecholamine release increases

A

HR, Contractile force, BP, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, blood flow

101
Q

once the hypothalamus is stimulated it releases CRH which causes the Anterior pituitary to

A

release ATCH which then releases cortisol

102
Q

functions of cortisol

A

increase protein catabolism
-decrease in protein synthesis
-decrease in muscle mass

103
Q

pancreas

A

releases insulin to correct blood sugar

104
Q

insulin is a ___ hormone

A

anabolic
-helps store excess energy from a meal
inhibits catabolic processes

105
Q

glucago is a ___ hormone

A

catabolic
-helps makes energy available for muscles

106
Q

anabolic and inhibits catabolic

A

glycogenolysis, proteolysis, lipolysis

107
Q

glucagon

A

raises blood glucose

108
Q

target cells for glucagon

A

liver and skeletal muscle

109
Q

catabolic hormones

A

liberates stored nutrients

110
Q

catabolic hormones are released during

A

exercise

111
Q

hormones that help maintain available glucose via glycogenolysis and/or gluconeogenesis

A

-glucagon
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-cortisol

112
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen breaks down into glucose

113
Q

lipolysis is stimulated by

A

-decrease in insulin
-increase in epinephrine
-increase in norephrphine
-increase cortisol
-increase GH

114
Q

stimulate lipolysis via

A

HSL

115
Q

respiratory system purpose

A

to bring O2 into and remove CO2 from the body

116
Q

respiratory system is carried out by

A
  1. pulmonary diffusion
  2. pulmonary ventilation
  3. gas exchange
117
Q

exchange zone

A

alveoli and capillaries

118
Q

gase diffuses from

A

high to low concentrations

119
Q

arterial blood

A

high PO2
low PCO2

120
Q

venous blood

A

low PO2
high PCO2

121
Q

pulmonary gase exchange 2 major functions

A
  1. replenish blood oxygen
  2. removes carbon dioxide
122
Q

blood path =

A

right ventricle to pulmonary arteries to pulmonary capillaries to pulmonary veins to left atrium

123
Q

only 1/3 of lungs is filled due to

A

vascular shunting

124
Q

top 2/3 of the lungs open during

A

exercise

125
Q

vascular shunting releases because

A

relaxing of arteriole smooth muscle

126
Q

gas exchange at the muscles =

A

capillary diffusion

127
Q

myoglobin transports within

A

muscle
-protein with one Heme (FE)V

128
Q

hemoglobin transports O2 from

A

lungs to muscle

129
Q

loading

A

hemoglobin binding to O2

130
Q

unloading

A

hemoglobin letting go of O2

131
Q

hb has a tight group on O2 in the

A

lungs

132
Q

hb has a weak group on O2 in the

A

muscle

133
Q

myoglobin has a ____ for PO2

A

high affinity

134
Q

myoglobin does not have

A

cooperative binding

135
Q

factors influencing O2 delivery and uptake by the muscle

A
  1. O2 content of blood -higher O2 content of blood creates a larger gradient for tissue exchange
  2. blood flow - decrease blood flow =decrease in opportunity to deliver O2 to tissue
  3. local conditions (ph, temperature, PCO2)
136
Q

transport O2 into blood by

A

hemoglobin

137
Q

cooperative binding

A

the more HB binds to O2 the higher its affinity for all 4 O2

138
Q

Hb is loaded with O2

A

at the lungs and pumped to the systemic circulation

139
Q

hemoglobin unloading

A

decrease in PO2 causes HB to unload

140
Q

bohr effect

A

increased affinity=less unloading (Left shift)
decreased affinity= more unloading (right hift

141
Q

more acidic =

A

more unloading

142
Q

increase temperature

A

promotes tissue O2 unloading during exercise

143
Q

PCO2 increase =

A

increased blood CO2= HB curve shifts to right = more unloading

144
Q

transport of CO2 in the blood in 3 ways

A
  1. as bicarbonate ions
  2. dissolved in plasma
  3. bound to Hb (carbaninohemoglobin)-
145
Q

O2 binds to the ___ portion of HB

A

heme

146
Q

CO2 binds to the ___ portion of HB

A

protein

147
Q

acid

A

high PH
low H

148
Q

basic

A

low PH
high H

149
Q

buffering

A

soak up all the H

150
Q

cardiovascular system purpose

A
  1. transportation -O2 and nutrients
  2. Removes CO2
  3. transports hormones
  4. enables homeostasis
    5.immune function
151
Q

3 major circulatory elements

A
  1. a pump
  2. pipes and tubes
  3. a fluid
152
Q

arterial circulation

A

blood moving away from heart
-oxygenated

153
Q

venous circulation

A

blood is moving towards the heart
-deoxygenated

154
Q

all arteries but ___ have oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary Artery

155
Q

All veins but the ____ have high levels of CO2

A

pulmonary viens

156
Q

pressure is low in the

A

capiallries

157
Q

arterioles

A

control blood flow and feed capillaries
-resistance vessels

158
Q

capillaries

A

site of nutrient and waste exchange

159
Q

venules

A

collect blood from capillary beds

160
Q

contraction =

A

systole

161
Q

relaxation =

A

diastole

162
Q

highest pressure in the

A

aorta and arteries

163
Q

lowest pressue in the

A

capillaries and veins

164
Q

site of most potent vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

arterioles

165
Q

right heart

A

venous return and to the pulmonary circulation
-receives blood from the body
-pumps deoxygenated blood from veins to lungs

166
Q

left heart

A

pulmonary return and aorta and systemic circulation
-receives oxygenated blood from lungs
-pumps oxygenated blood to body

167
Q

intrinsic blood flow

A

coming from within in the vessel

168
Q

3 types of intrinsic control

A
  1. metabolic
  2. endothetial
  3. myogenic
169
Q

baseline sympathetic activity

A

vasomotor tone

170
Q

increase sympathetic activity

A

increase vasoconstriction

171
Q

decrease sympathetic activity

A

decrease Vasocontrstiction

172
Q

top chambers receive from

A

vena cava and pulmonary vein

173
Q

bottom chambers pump to

A

pulmonary artery and aorta

174
Q

myocardium

A

heart muscle
-type 1
-high number of mitochondria

175
Q

cardiac muscle connected by

A

intercalated disks and desomones and gap junctions

176
Q

what side has the most myocardium

A

left ventricle

177
Q

SA node

A

initiates contraction signal
-pacemaker cells
-stimulates Right atrium and left atrium

178
Q

Av node

A

delays, relays signals to ventricles

179
Q

av bundle

A

relays signal to Rv and LV
-divides into right and left branches
-sends signal to apex

180
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

send signal into RV and LV

181
Q

extrinsic parasympathetic nervous system

A

reaches the heart via vagus nerve
-creates vagal tone
-carries the impulse to SA and AV node
-decrease HR

182
Q

extrinsic sympathetic nervous system

A

-carries impulse to SA and Av nodes
-increase Hr
-releases norepinephrine = depolarization

183
Q

p wave

A

atrial depolarization

184
Q

QRS complec

A

ventricular depolarization

185
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

186
Q

heart sound 1 “lub”

A

atrial valve closes

187
Q

reaming blood in the ventricle after contraction

A

end-systolic volume

188
Q

heart sound 2 “dub”

A

aortic valve closes

189
Q

maximum volume of blood in the ventricle

A

end-diastole volume

190
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped in one heart beat

ex phis (13 decks)

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