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ex phis > quiz 5 start of exam 2 > Flashcards

quiz 5 start of exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

heat

A

direct calorimetry

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2
Q

O2 and CO2

A

indirect calorimetry

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3
Q

make fuel from

A

CHO, fat, and pro

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4
Q

40% of substrate energy =

A

ATP

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5
Q

60% of substrate energy =

A

heat

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6
Q

energy expenditure equation

A

fuel+ O2-energy +heat +CO2+h20

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7
Q

direct calorimetry

A

measures energy expenditure directly

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8
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

measures metabolic gases to measure energy expenditure indirectly

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9
Q

we use ____ to help burn fuel and produce ____ in that process

A

O2 and CO2

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10
Q

estimates total body energy expenditure based in O2 used and CO2 produced and measures ___

A

respiratory gas concentrations
CO2 produced: krebs cycle and PDH
O2 used : ETC

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11
Q

glycolysis in the

A

cytoplasm

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12
Q

krebs cycle in the

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

VO2

A

volume of O2 consumed per minute
-O2 used in tissues (final electron acceptor)
-rate of consumption= O2 used in ETC

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14
Q

calculating VO2

A

volume inspired O2-volume of expired O2 (inspired is always larger)

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15
Q

volume breathed IN

A

2.26 L/min

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16
Q

volume breathed OUT

A

1.24L/MIN

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17
Q

VO2 calculated =

A

1.02 VO2

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18
Q

relative VO2 =

A

ml/kg/min

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19
Q

why is O2 in larger than O2 out

A

arterial blood is highly oxygenated because tissues have not consumed oxygen out of it yet

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20
Q

venous blood has much lower O2 because

A

tissues have now consumed oxygen out of it

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21
Q

subtract arterial blood from venous blood =

A

get the amount of O2 consumed by your tissues

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22
Q

O2 =

A

volume of CO2 consumed per minute

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23
Q

CO2 is produced within bioenergetics

A

krebs cycle and PDH

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24
Q

rate of CO2 production units

A

l/min and ml/kg/min

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25
Q

volume of expired CO2 - volume of inspired CO2 =

A

VCO2

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26
Q

Why is CO2 breathed OUT larger than CO2 breathed IN?

A

Co2 production in bioenergetics and the extra Co2 enters the blood as a waste product

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27
Q

lowest while living =resting VO2

A

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

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28
Q

Respiratory exchange ratio

A

glucose = 1.0
fat = 0.70

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29
Q

RER = VCO2/VO2

A

ratio between rates of CO2 (VCO2) production and O2 usage (consumption)

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30
Q

more carbon atoms in molecules =

A

more O2 needed

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31
Q

more carbons = more acetyl CoA = more krebs spins=

A

more REs produced = more O2 needed

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32
Q

Fat “burns” using proportionately more O2:

A

Has more carbons which = more acetyl CoAs which = more krebs which = more RE’s which = more ETC

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33
Q

RER for 1 molecule of glucose =

A

1.0

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34
Q

RER for 1 molecule palmitic acid

A

=0.70

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35
Q

RER helps us determine

A

substrate use & kilocalories / O2 efficienc

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36
Q

RER for 1 molecule of glucose

A

1.0

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37
Q

RER for 1 molecule palmitic acid

A

0.70

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38
Q

fat RER range

A

0.6-0.8

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39
Q

mixed fuels (cho, fats, protein)

A

0.8-0.9

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40
Q

carbohydrates RER

A

> 0.9

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41
Q

as RER increases so does

A

RER equivalent

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42
Q

fat requires

A

more O2

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43
Q

cho requires

A

less O2

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44
Q

as RER changes

A

the energy per L O2 changes

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45
Q

everytime RER = 0.80

A

RER equivlant = 4.80 kcals/L O2

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46
Q

every time RER = 0,95

A

RER equivalent = 4.99 kcals/ L O2

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47
Q

measuring resting VO2 will be someones

A

lowest O2 consumption

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48
Q

maximal capacity for O2 consumption by the boy during maximal exertion

A

VO2 max

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49
Q

maximal capacity for O2 consumption by the boy during maximal exertion

A

VO2 max

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50
Q

at VO2 you will also

A

be at maximal energy expenditure/minute

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51
Q

maximal O2 uptake (VO2 peak)

A

point at which O2 consumption doesn’t increase with further increasing in intensity

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52
Q

VO2 max or VO2 peak

A

(a-v) O2 difference

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53
Q

arterial blood has

A

highest O2 concentration

54
Q

venous blood has the

A

lowest O2 consumption

55
Q

muscles extract O2 for energy use in the

A

ETC

56
Q

VO2 max or VO2 peak is the best measurement

A

of aerobic fitness

57
Q

training your VO2 peak you can

A

make more mitochondria
more hemoglobin
more myoglobin
more muscle capillaries

58
Q

absolute VO2 peak

A

l/min
no units of body weight used
better used in non weight bearing activities

59
Q

relative VO2 peak

A

ml/ O2/kg/min
units of body weights used
most accurate when comparing: body size, body comp, different sexes

60
Q

normal ranges for untrained: young men

A

44 to 50 ml/kg/min

61
Q

normal ranges for untrained: young women

A

38 to 42 ml/kg/min

62
Q

criteria for reaching V\O2 max

A
  1. plateau in oxygen uptake
  2. > 95% of predicted heart rate
  3. RER of 1.10 or greater
    2 of 3 most be made
63
Q

plateau of oxygen uptake

A

< 2 ml/kg/min difference during last 2 minutes

64
Q

ventilatory threshold

A

when talking becomes hard to do
breathing changes disproportionately
-point where Ve/VO2 begins to rise disproportionately and without a corresponding increase in VE/VCO2

65
Q

glycolysis is cranked up

A

b/c its high intensity and need a lot of atp

66
Q

PDH converts

A

pyruvate to actelyl COA

67
Q

excess pyruvate that inst being consumed by the mitochondria, begins to accumulate in the cytosol and begins to be converted to

A

lactate accumulates in the cell

68
Q

incomplete oxidation of glucose

A

pyruvate to lactate

69
Q

sprinter would reach LT sooner than a marathoner

A

more mitochondria, more oxidative pathways,
sprinter= more glycolysis and few mitochondria
marathoner = few glycolytic enzymes and lots of mitochondria

70
Q

fatigue after VT and LT

A

-increased acidity = decrease PH
- bioenergetics dysfunction
- breathing difficulty
-increasing buffering of H+ in blood
-increasing CO2 drives breathing

71
Q

increased acidity

A

increased hydrogen ions : lactate production and ATPase activity

72
Q

acidity inhibits enzymes

A

glycolysis, krebs, ETC

73
Q

breathing difficulty

A

VE

74
Q

increases buffering of H in blood

A

buffering uses bicarb and produces extra CO2

75
Q

VO2

A

volume of O2 consumed

76
Q

mitochondria consumes

A

O2

77
Q

increase CO2 causes

A

hyperventilation

78
Q

CO2

A

bioenergetics, H+ buffering and bicarb

79
Q

VO2 max tests

A

fitness

80
Q

VT and LT tests

A

performance

81
Q

endurance training improves LT

A

increase in mitochondria

82
Q

define improvement

A

right ward shift in LT
-run faster before lactate and H+ accumlates

83
Q

RER inaccurate for protein oxidation

A

nitrogen removal requires energy above that within bioenergetics

84
Q

lactate use as fuel produces RER above 1.0 due to

A

increase CO2 exhalation

85
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

produces RER <0.70

86
Q

1 L O2/min

A

5 kcals

87
Q

1 met

A

3.5 mL O2/kg/min

88
Q

1 kcal/kg/hour

A

1 met

89
Q

METs

A

metabolic equivalents
-the ratio of a metabolic rate (VO2) during a specific activity to a reference metabolic rate

90
Q

the reference metabolic rate is the average BMR

A

3.5 mlO2/kg/min

91
Q

light intensity

A

< 3.0 MET

92
Q

moderate intensity

A

3.0 -5.9 METS

93
Q

high intensity

A

> 6.0 MET

94
Q

metabolic rate

A

rate of energy use by body

95
Q

BMR

A

rate of energy of use at rest

96
Q

energy use to sustain life

A

supine
thermoneutral environment
after at least 8 hours sleep and fasting

97
Q

metabolic rate energy expenditure

A

increases with exercise intensity

98
Q

VO2 increases with

A

exercise intensity

99
Q

O2 deficit

A

represents the difference between O2 consumption and O2 demand

100
Q

pathways supplying energy

A

PCR and glycolysis

101
Q

amount of O2 deficit depends on

A

-intensity of activity
-trained status of person
-genetics

102
Q

O2 deficits equation

A

O2 required for ATP use - actual O2 consumed

103
Q

Excess Post-exercise O2 Consumption

A

EPOC - represents the difference between O2 consumption and O2 demand

104
Q

O2 consumed > O2 demand

A

in early recovery

105
Q

duration of EPOC is typically dictated by

A

intensity prior to exercise

106
Q

reasons for EPOC

A

HOTTIE
-elevated hormones (catecholamines)
-oxidizing lactate (higher intensity = more lactate = longer EPOC
-thermoregulation
-ion redistribution (NA+ - K pumps)
-elevated breathing and HR

107
Q

O2 deficit and EPOC

A

O2 demand > O2 consumed in early exercise
-body incurs O2 deficit
- O2 required -O2 consumed
-occurs when anaerobic pathways used for ATP production

108
Q

O2 consumed > O2 demand in early recovery

A

excess postexercise O2 consumption (EPOC)
-hormone elevation
-using and excess lactate
-thermoregulation
-ion distribution
-elevated ventilation and HR

109
Q

economy of effort

A

as athlete practice more, use less energy for given pace
-high trained athlete has lower VO2 for same pace/intensity

110
Q

economy increases once

A

muscles are warmed up and fully functional

111
Q

increase VO2 =

A

more energy expenditure

112
Q

fit people go back to baseline

A

faster

113
Q

successful endurance athletes have

A

high VO2 max
-high lactate threshold (LT and VT)
-high economy of effort
-high percentage of type 1 muscle fibers

114
Q

anaerobic sports =

A

high intensity
-short duration
-bioenergetics (PCR, glycolysis, usually incomplete glucose oxidation

115
Q

lactate threshold

A

the point at which blood lactate accumlation increase markedly
- lactate production rate > lactate clearance rate
-integration of bioenergetics

116
Q

-untrained people LT about ____ VO2 max

A

55%

117
Q

endurance athletes about ___ VO2 max

A

75%

118
Q

higher lactate threshold

A

better endurance performance

119
Q

fatigue in exercise

A

decrements in muscular performance with continues effort, accompanied by sensations of tiredness
-inability to maintain required power output to continue muscular work at given intensity

120
Q

fatigue and its causes

A
  1. inadequate energy delivery/metabolism
  2. accumulation of metabolic by products
  3. excessive heat
  4. altered neural control of muscle contraction
121
Q

inadequate energy delivery/metabolism

A

phosphocreatine depletion
PCr depletion

122
Q

supplementing with creatine will postpone

A

phosphocreatine depletion

123
Q

glycogen depletion

A

“hitting the wall”
liver: 100 grams = about 400 cals.
muscle: 500 grams = about 2000 cals.

124
Q

fibers recruited first are

A

depleted fastest

125
Q

type 1 fibers are likely targets due to

A

orderly recruitment

126
Q

orderly recuitment

A

type 1, type 2a, type 2x

127
Q

as muscle glycogen decreases

A

liver glycogenolysis increases
-begin to rely more on liver glycogen to support blood glucose

128
Q

acidosis

A

H+ accumulates during a brief, high-intensity exercise
-H+ accumulation causes decreases muscle Ph

129
Q

buffers (bicarb) help muscle

A

ph

130
Q

buffers minimize drop in ph and ph less than 6.9 =

A

inhibits glycolytic enzymes, ATP synthesis

131
Q

causes of failure of NMJ

A
  1. decrease ACH synthesis and release
  2. altered ach breakdown in synapse
  3. increase in muscle fiber stimulus threshold (-55)
  4. if neural message is not inhibited on motor end plate then Ca+ release from SR will be inhibited

ex phis (13 decks)

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